Instruction: How good as a pianist is Yeol Eum Son

Context:
Yeol Eum Son (born May 2, 1986, in Wonju, South Korea) is a South Korean classical pianist. She first drew international attention in October 2004 at age 18 when she appeared as a soloist performing Liszt Piano Concerto No. 1 with the New York Philharmonic under the baton of Lorin Maazel on their Asia tour in Seoul, Daejeon, and Tokyo. Son again performed with Maazel and the New York Philharmonic when they returned to the Seoul Arts Center in February 2008, this time as soloist for Beethoven Piano Concerto No. 2.

Her awards include Silver Medals at both the Thirteenth Van Cliburn International Piano Competition (2009) and 2011 International Tchaikovsky Competition, where she also received the Best Chamber Concerto Performance and the Best Performance of the Commissioned Work prizes. She also won the Bronze Medal at the Arthur Rubinstein International Piano Master Competition (2005)

Response:
Yeol Eum Son (born May 2, 1986, in Wonju, South Korea) is a South Korean classical pianist. She first drew international attention in October 2004 at age 18 when she appeared as a soloist performing Liszt Piano Concerto No. 1 with the New York Philharmonic under the baton of Lorin Maazel on their Asia tour in Seoul, Daejeon, and Tokyo. Son again performed with Maazel and the New York Philharmonic when they returned to the Seoul Arts Center in February 2008, this time as soloist for Beethoven Piano Concerto No. 2.

Her awards include Silver Medals at both the Thirteenth Van Cliburn International Piano Competition (2009) and 2011 International Tchaikovsky Competition, where she also received the Best Chamber Concerto Performance and the Best Performance of the Commissioned Work prizes. She also won the Bronze Medal at the Arthur Rubinstein International Piano Master Competition (2005)


Instruction: True or false, fish live on land?

Response: False. Fish live in the water.


Instruction: What is the scientific name for a jaguar?

Response: Panthera onca


Instruction: What kind of animal is the Iolaus crawshayi

Context:
Iolaus crawshayi, the Crawshay's sapphire, is a butterfly in the family Lycaenidae. It is found in Ethiopia, Somalia, Kenya, Uganda, the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Tanzania. The habitat consists of moist savanna.

The larvae feed on the young leaves of Erianthemum dregei and Phragmanthera usuiensis. They are dull dirty whitish green or brown.

Response:
Iolaus crawshayi, the Crawshay's sapphire, is a butterfly in the family Lycaenidae. It is found in Ethiopia, Somalia, Kenya, Uganda, the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Tanzania.
The habitat consists of moist savanna.

The larvae feed on the young leaves of Erianthemum dregei and Phragmanthera usuiensis. They are dull dirty whitish green or brown.


Instruction: When did the Great Chicago Fire occur?

Context: He assumed the presidency of the Commercial Insurance Company, then was named president of the Chicago Board of Underwriters in 1869. Following the Great Chicago Fire of 1871, he was named the president of the State Savings Institution, resigning in 1873. Dore also presided over the Newsboys' and Bootblacks' Home and donated a building to them in 1884.

Response: 1871


Instruction: What was the The second capital of Chandragupta II

Response: The second capital of Chandragupta II was Pataliputra.


Instruction: Given the following paragraph about the observation deck of the Burj Khalifa, what's offered on the 124th floor observation deck?

Context: An outdoor observation deck, named At the Top, opened on 5 January 2010 on the 124th floor. At 452 m (1,483 ft), it was the highest outdoor observation deck in the world when it opened. Although it was surpassed in December 2011 by Cloud Top 488 on the Canton Tower, Guangzhou at 488 m (1,601 ft), Burj Khalifa opened the 148th floor SKY level at 555 m (1,821 ft), once again giving it the highest observation deck in the world on 15 October 2014, until the Shanghai Tower opened in June 2016 with an observation deck at a height of 561 metres. The 124th floor observation deck also features the electronic telescope, an augmented reality device developed by Gsmprjct° of Montréal, which allows visitors to view the surrounding landscape in real-time, and to view previously saved images such as those taken at different times of day or under different weather conditions. To reduce the daily rush of sightseers, management allows visitors to purchase tickets in advance for a specific date and time, at a 75% discount on tickets purchased on the spot.

Response: The 124th floor observation deck of the Burj Khalifa offers an augmented reality device called the electronic telescope which allows visitors to view surrounding landscapes in real-time as well as saved images.


Instruction: How can I help to improve my son's tennis skills?

Response:
There are several options, depends on your son's current age, level.
If he is below 10, and he just starts, the most important thing for him is keeping interests in tennis. So you can find some local tennis group classes for him, or even semi-private lessons with qualified coaches.
If he is over 10, and he has some basic level skills already, he could attend some tournament (USTA junior circuit, L7 or even L6), or he could join one USTA jtt team, to play for the team with his friends. Also at this age and level, it is also good to have one private coach for him.
If he has already shown some competitive skills in this sport, you could also find some "big" tournaments, for example, Little Mo Tournament which is national wide tournament for young kids. You can even bring him to watch some live professional player's match.


Instruction: Give me a list of animals you might raise for milk

Response: Sheep, Goats, Cows


Instruction: Who painted the ‘Girl with the Pearl Earring’ and the ‘Milkmaid’?

Response: The ‘Girl with the Pearl Earring’ and the ‘Milkmaid’ were painted by Johannes Vermeer.


Instruction: What is a balloon?

Response: A balloon is a latex rubber flexible bag that can be inflated with a gas or liquid. If you want a balloon to float you can inflate it with helium. It can also be filled with a liquid like water to make it a water balloon. Other types of balloons are hot air balloons filled with flammable gas that go up thousands of feet in the sky and can carry people, or weather balloon which floats high into the atmosphere to measure different weather patterns.


Instruction: Extract all of the dates mentioned in this paragraph and list them using bullets in the format {Date} - {Description}

Context: The Old Thatch Tavern became the brewery for Stratford-upon-Avon in 1470 when it was also a pub. It has been a licensed pub since 1623 and it is claimed that it is the oldest pub in Stratford.

Response:
• 1470 - when the Old Thatch Tavern became a brewery
• 1623 - when the Old Thatch Tavern became a licensed pub


Instruction: How long did it take for ironworking to be commonplace in West Africa following its introduction in Northern Africa?

Context: By the first millennium BCE, ironworking had been introduced in Northern Africa. Around that time it also became established in parts of sub-Saharan Africa, either through independent invention there or diffusion from the north and vanished under unknown circumstances around 500 CE, having lasted approximately 2,000 years, and by 500 BCE, metalworking began to become commonplace in West Africa. Ironworking was fully established by roughly 500 BCE in many areas of East and West Africa, although other regions didn't begin ironworking until the early centuries CE. Copper objects from Egypt, North Africa, Nubia, and Ethiopia dating from around 500 BCE have been excavated in West Africa, suggesting that Trans-Saharan trade networks had been established by this date.

Response: Ironworking was introduced in Northern Africa around the first millennium BCE and became commonplace in West Africa by 500 BCE. This means it took 500 years (1000-500) for ironworking to become common in West Africa following its introduction in Northern Africa.


Instruction: Classify each of the following football player by goal scored : Romario, Messi, Ibrahimovic, Muller, Ronaldo

Response: Ronaldo,Messi,Romario,Muller,Ibrahimovic


Instruction: Extract some details about the company Body Shop International Limited from the given text

Context:
The Body Shop International Limited, trading as The Body Shop, is a British cosmetics, skin care and perfume company.
Founded in 1976 by Anita Roddick, the company currently has a range of 1,000 products sold in about 3,000 stores, divided between those owned by the company and franchised outlets in more than 65 countries.
Originally trading from Brighton, the company is now based in London Bridge and Littlehampton, West Sussex, and is owned by Brazilian cosmetics company Natura as a subsidiary of the Natura & Co group. The company had been owned by the French cosmetics company L'Oréal between 2006 and 2017. In September 2017, L'Oréal sold the company to Brazilian Natura & Co for £880 million.

Response:
1. The body shop is a British Cosmetic, skin care and perfume company.
2. It was founded in 1976 by Anita Roddick.
3. he company presently sells 1,000 products in around 3,000 stores in more than 65 countries, divided between those owned by the company and franchised outlets.
4. Originally established in Brighton, the company is now based in London Bridge and Littlehampton, West Sussex, and is owned by the Natura & Co group, a subsidiary of the Brazilian cosmetics giant Natura.
5. Between 2006 and 2017, L'Oréal, a French cosmetics firm, owned the business. Brazilian Natura & Co. purchased the business from L'Oréal in September 2017 for £880 million.


Instruction: What is a topographical unique feature of the area around Austin Texas.

Context: As of 2021, Austin had an estimated population of 964,177, up from 961,855 at the 2020 census. The city is the cultural and economic center of the Austin–Round Rock metropolitan statistical area, which had an estimated population of 2,295,303 as of July 1, 2020, a roughly 84% increase from the year 2000. Located in Central Texas within the greater Texas Hill Country, it is home to numerous lakes, rivers, and waterways, including Lady Bird Lake and Lake Travis on the Colorado River, Barton Springs, McKinney Falls, and Lake Walter E. Long.

Response: Austin is located in Central Texas within the greater Texas Hill Country, it is home to numerous lakes, rivers, and waterways, including Lady Bird Lake and Lake Travis on the Colorado River, Barton Springs, McKinney Falls, and Lake Walter E. Long.


Instruction: Based on the passage below, summarize Beethoven's contributions to western music.

Context:
Beethoven expanded the formal and emotional scope – not to mention length – of nearly every genre in which he wrote. While he is most famous for his heightening of the symphonic form, Beethoven also had a dramatic influence on the piano sonata, violin sonata, string quartet and piano concerto, among several others. Only in the realm of vocal composition – opera and the mass – was his effect on later generations muted.

Beethoven's stylistic innovations bridge the Classical and Romantic periods. The works of his early period brought the Classical form to its highest expressive level, expanding in formal, structural, and harmonic terms the musical idiom developed by predecessors such as Mozart and Haydn. The works of his middle period were more forward-looking, contributing to the musical language and thinking of the Romantic era, inspiring composers such as Franz Schubert, Felix Mendelssohn, Robert Schumann, Franz Liszt, Richard Wagner, and Johannes Brahms. His late period works were characterized by formal, harmonic, and structural experimentation at the highest level, often pointing toward contrapuntal tendencies and microscopic textures, as well as an increasingly introverted compositional outlook. Though rightly credited as a major harbinger of the Romantic era in music that followed, Beethoven never abandoned the fundamental formal paradigms and generally objective artistic philosophy characterizing musical Classicism to the same extent that later composers such as Berlioz or even Schubert did.

Response:
- Heightened the symphonic form and had a dramatic influence on the piano sonata, violin sonata, string quartet, piano concertos and other genres
- Contributed to the musical language and thinking of the romantic era
- Formal, harmonic and structural experimentation in his later works


Instruction: Why is Canada a good country to visit?

Response: Canada is a beautiful country known for its natural scenery, ice hockey, polite people, maple syrup and wildlife.


Instruction: Given this paragraph about John C. Young, where did he go to college?

Context: John Clarke Young (August 12, 1803 – June 23, 1857) was an American educator and pastor who was the fourth president of Centre College in Danville, Kentucky. A graduate of Dickinson College and Princeton Theological Seminary, he entered the ministry in Lexington, Kentucky, in 1828. He accepted the presidency of Centre College in 1830, holding the position until his death in 1857, making him the longest-serving president in the college's history. He is regarded as one of the college's best presidents, as he increased the endowment of the college more than five-fold during his term, and increased the graduating class size from two students in his first year to forty-seven in his final year.

Response: Dickinson College and Princeton Theological Seminary


Instruction: Give me bulleted list of the five most common shots in lawn tennis

Response:
The bulleted list of the five most common shots in lawn tennis are
1. Forehand
2. Backhand
3. Smash
4. Volley
5. Drop shot


Instruction: Give me a bulleted list of 5 states in alphabetical order

Response: Alabama, Alaska, Arizona, Arkansas, California


Instruction: Give me a bulleted list of the seven more recent Indian Prime Ministers

Response:
- Narendra Modi (2014– )
- Manmohan Singh (2004–14)
- Atal Bihari Vajpayee (1998–2004; 2nd time)
- Inder K. Gujral (1997–98)
- H.D. Deve Gowda (1996–97)
- Atal Bihari Vajpayee (1996; 1st time)
- P.V. Narasimha Rao (1991–96)


Instruction: What was the deadliest battle in history?

Response: The Battle of Stalingrad was a brutal military campaign between Russian forces and those of Nazi Germany and the Axis powers during World War II. The battle is infamous as one of the largest, longest and bloodiest engagements in modern warfare: From August 1942 through February 1943, more than two million troops fought in close quarters – and nearly two million people were killed or injured in the fighting, including tens of thousands of Russian civilians. The giant campaign was really a showdown between Hitler and Stalin over the city that bore the name of the Soviet dictator, which ultimately turned the tide of World War II in favor of the Allied forces, and helped bring about a change of fortunes that would eventually destroy Nazi Germany and doom Hitler.


Instruction: What was the Javelin throw record made by Neeraj Chopra

Response: 88.44metres


Instruction: What is the indigenous name for Dunk Island?

Context: Dunk Island, known as Coonanglebah in the Warrgamay and Dyirbal languages, is an island within the locality of Dunk in the Cassowary Coast Region, Queensland, Australia. It lies 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) off the Australian east coast, opposite the town of Mission Beach. The island forms part of the Family Islands National Park and is in the larger Great Barrier Reef World Heritage Area.

Response: Dunk Island is known as Coonanglebah in the Warrgamay and Dyirbal languages.


Instruction: Provide a bulleted overview of the components of GDP by expenditure

Context:
Components of Gross Domestic Product by Expenditure

Here is a description of each GDP component:

C (consumption) is normally the largest GDP component in the economy, consisting of private expenditures in the economy (household final consumption expenditure). These personal expenditures fall under one of the following categories: durable goods, nondurable goods, and services. Examples include food, rent, jewelry, gasoline, and medical expenses, but not the purchase of new housing.
I (investment) includes, for instance, business investment in equipment, but does not include exchanges of existing assets. Examples include construction of a new mine, purchase of software, or purchase of machinery and equipment for a factory. Spending by households (not government) on new houses is also included in investment. In contrast to its colloquial meaning, "investment" in GDP does not mean purchases of financial products. Buying financial products is classed as 'saving', as opposed to investment. This avoids double-counting: if one buys shares in a company, and the company uses the money received to buy plant, equipment, etc., the amount will be counted toward GDP when the company spends the money on those things; to also count it when one gives it to the company would be to count two times an amount that only corresponds to one group of products. Buying bonds or companies' equity shares is a swapping of deeds, a transfer of claims on future production, not directly an expenditure on products; buying an existing building will involve a positive investment by the buyer and a negative investment by the seller, netting to zero overall investment.
G (government spending) is the sum of government expenditures on final goods and services. It includes salaries of public servants, purchases of weapons for the military and any investment expenditure by a government. It does not include any transfer payments, such as social security or unemployment benefits. Analyses outside the USA will often treat government investment as part of investment rather than government spending.
X (exports) represents gross exports. GDP captures the amount a country produces, including goods and services produced for other nations' consumption, therefore exports are added.
M (imports) represents gross imports. Imports are subtracted since imported goods will be included in the terms G, I, or C, and must be deducted to avoid counting foreign supply as domestic.
Note that C, I, and G are expenditures on final goods and services; expenditures on intermediate goods and services do not count. (Intermediate goods and services are those used by businesses to produce other goods and services within the accounting year.) So for example if a car manufacturer buys auto parts, assembles the car and sells it, only the final car sold is counted towards the GDP. Meanwhile, if a person buys replacement auto parts to install them on their car, those are counted towards the GDP.

According to the U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis, which is responsible for calculating the national accounts in the United States, "In general, the source data for the expenditures components are considered more reliable than those for the income components [see income method, above]."

Encyclopedia Britannica records an alternate way of measuring exports minus imports: notating it as the single variable NX.[23

Response:
The following are the five components of GDP by expenditure:
- Consumption: Private expenditures in the economy
- Investment: Includes business investments, but not exchanges of assets
- Government Spending: Sum of government spend on goods and services
- Exports: Gross exports
- Imports: Gross imports


Instruction: Tell me a joke involving a bird native to Antarctica.

Response: Two penguins were sitting on an iceberg. One penguin says to the other penguin, "it looks like you're wearing a tuxedo." The other penguin says, "who says I'm not?"


Instruction: What basic tools should I keep around the house?

Response: Keeping tools around the house to make simple fixes is super important as a homeowner and a renter. Furthermore, being self sufficient and not relying on others to do basic work is very empowering. Some basic tools that everyone should keep around the house are a screwdriver with various different heads (eg. phillips, flat head, allen wrench, etc), needle nose pliers, channel lock pliers, slip joint pliers an electric drill, drill bit set, and a hammer. You can accomplish a lot of small fixes and have on hand when that emergency situation arises.


Instruction: What are the top 5 best movies ever made?

Response:
The top 5 best movies ever made are:
1. The Godfather (1972)
2. The Dark Knight (2008)
3. The Matrix (1999)
4. Star Wars (1977)
5. Jurassic Park (1993)
However, this largely depends on one's taste. There are some who claim that Weekend at Bernie's is the best movie ever made.


Instruction: What is the standard tuning of an electric guitar?

Response: The standard tuning of an electric guitar beginning with the 6th string going down the 1st string is EADGBE


Instruction: Identify which instrument is string or percussion: Naqara, Bouzouki

Response: Bouzouki is string, Naqara is percussion.


Instruction: What do west coast oysters taste like?

Response: West Coast oysters have a signature cucumber or melon note, they're mild in salt and tend to be smaller overall.


Instruction: Which of the following were recurring characters on The Sopranos: Carmela, Tony, Christopher, Jody, Natasha, Silvio, Adriana, Tom & Jerry, Jerry Seinfeld, George Costanza

Response: The following were recurring characters on The Sopranos: Carmela, Tony, Christopher, Silvio, Adriana.


Instruction: Write a review of Carlos Ruiz Zafon's book The Shadow of the Wind

Response:
What a beautiful book; it reminds me of Murakami - magical yet still very grounded. The Shadow of the Wind has everything going for it: mystical Barcelona, heartwarming characters, poetic language, intriguing plot.

The language and setting of the book was amazing. Zafon is extremely talented, his words are elegant and poetic, and he paints Barcelona in a myriad of different ways: dark and gothic at night, or blissfully cheerful, or dreary gloom, all depending on the characters.

I loved the cast of Shadow of the Wind. Each character was well developed and given an appropriate backstory. They bumped into each other in mysterious turns, and their interactions, like Daniel and Clara, or Daniel and Nuria, were heart wrenching.

But most of all, Zafon tells a wonderful story. I loved the parallels between Julian Carax and Daniel, and how Daniel's life becomes entangled with Julian's. It makes it feel much more like magical realism, and makes for an entertaining read.


Instruction: How can I become a pilot?

Response:
The first step to become a private or commercial pilot is to join a flight school and get a license. Pilots must also meet basic medical requirements to fly, applying for a medical certificate.
Private pilots can fly light aircraft such as Cessnas and Pipers for leisure. They can fly solo or take passengers with them. Commercial pilots undergo further training to private pilots, allowing them to get a Commercial Pilots Licence (CPL) to fly for companies and airlines.


Instruction:
Which among the following names belong to League of Legends characters/champions?
Rengar, Akhil, Talon, Emily, Lux, Kaisa

Response:
The following names are related to League of Legends champions as of the current date:
- Rengar: Belongs to the "Assassin" and the "Diver" classes and can be purchased for 4800 BE
- Talon: Belongs to the "Assassin" class and can be purchased for 3150 BE.
- Lux: Belongs to the "Burst" and "Artillery" classes and can be purchased for 450 BE.
- Kai'Sa: Belongs to the "Marksman" class and can be purchased for 1350 BE.

The remaining names ("Akhil" and "Emily") are not related to League of Legends champions but they may be coincidentally added in the future.


Instruction: Who are the two most translated English writers

Response: Shakespeare and Agatha Christie


Instruction: How can I boost my energy levels throughout the day?

Response:
Here are ways you can boost your energy levels:
- Get at least 8 hours of restful sleep
- Eat healthy, minimally processes foods
- Stay hydrated
- Exercise regularly
- Drink coffee or an energy drink


Instruction: Extract when the Blue Angels formed

Context: The Blue Angels are a flight demonstration squadron of the United States Navy. Formed in 1946, the unit is the second oldest formal aerobatic team in the world, after the French Patrouille de France formed in 1931. The team, composed of six Navy and one Marine Corps demonstration pilot, fly Boeing F/A-18 Super Hornets.

Response: The mission of the United States Navy Flight Demonstration Squadron is to showcase the pride and professionalism of the United States Navy and Marine Corps by inspiring a culture of excellence and service to the country through flight demonstrations and community outreach. The Blue Angels are a flight demonstration squadron of the United States Navy that formed in 1946


Instruction: Give me a bulleted list of countries that start with the letter B.

Response:
- Botswana
- Bulgaria
- Brazil
- Bolivia
- Belgium
- Bahrain
- Bahamas


Instruction: Name some famous Sci-Fi movies

Response: Some famous Sci-Fi movies are Star Wars, 2001: A Space Odyssey and Blade Runner


Instruction: What are the three original citrus fruits?

Response: Contrary to popular belief, the three original citrus fruits are the mandarin, pomelo and citron. All other popular fruits such as the bitter orange, lemons or grapefruit are all hybrids.


Instruction: Where is the Gate of the Paradise

Context: Bab al-Faradis (Arabic: بَابُ الْفَرَادِيسِ, romanized: Bāb al-Farādīs; "The Gate of the Paradise") or Bab al-Amara is one of the seven ancient city-gates of Damascus, Syria. The other name, Bab Al-Amara, refers to a name of a district in the old city where people in the 14th century would meet. During the Roman era, the gate was dedicated to Mercury.

Response: Although you may search for a more spiritual answer, the Gate of the Paradise or Bab al-Faradis and Bab al-Amara in Arabic is one of the seven ancient city-gates of Damascus, Syria. The other name, Bab Al-Amara, refers to a name of a district in the old city where people in the 14th century would meet. During the Roman era, the gate was dedicated to Mercury.


Instruction: What was the first modern trading card game created?

Response: On August 5th 1993, Magic: The Gathering was released to the world as the first modern trading card game. The game was published by Wizards of the Coast and created by Richard Garfield. Magic: The Gathering is a card game where two wizards battle casting spells, summoning creatures, and use magical objects to defeat their opponents. The Limited Edition Alpha set was the first set Magic: The Gathering set ever released.


Instruction: In the series A Song of Ice and Fire, who is the founder of House Targaryen?

Response: While the Targaryen family has years of historic ties to Valyria, it wasn't until Aegon's Conquest in the year 1 AC was the family established as a Westerosi House; Aegon the Conqueror is the house's founder.


Instruction: From the passage provided, extract the year Adani group was founded.

Context:
Adani Group is an Indian multinational conglomerate, headquartered in Ahmedabad. It was founded by Gautam Adani in 1988 as a commodity trading business, with the flagship company Adani Enterprises. The Group's diverse businesses include port management, electric power generation and transmission, renewable energy, mining, airport operations, natural gas, food processing and infrastructure.

In April 2021, Adani Group crossed US$100 billion in market capitalization, and in April 2022 it crossed the $200 billion mark, in both cases becoming the third Indian conglomerate to do so, after Tata Group and Reliance Industries. In November 2022, it reached $280 billion (INR 24 trillion) surpassing Tata Group. Adani subsequently lost more than $104 billion of market capitalization after fraud and market manipulation allegations by short-seller firm Hindenburg Research. The Adani Group has also attracted other controversies due to various reports of irregular practices. More than 60 percent of the Adani Group's revenue is derived from coal-related businesses. The company's corporate debt totaled $30 billion in 2022.

Response: Adani group was founded in 1988


Instruction: What team is the latest expansion in Major League Soccer?

Response: The latest expansion team in Major League Soccer is St. Louis FC. They started off their first season in 2023 with five straight wins and a goal difference of plus fifteen.


Instruction: How many continents are there on Earth?

Response: There are seven continents on Earth, and they are from largest to smallest: Asia, Africa, North America, South America, Antarctica, Europe, and Australia.


Instruction: What helped Argentina win the World Cup, considering they were not the strongest team on paper?

Response: Argentina in its run to the World Cup had a great track record of a continuous winning streak. It was complemented by the culture and passion for football infused in the country. The team played with a lot of passion and Lionel Messi was determined to create history.


Instruction: What is the name of the major school of praxiology not developed by Ludwig von Mises

Context:
In philosophy, praxeology or praxiology (/ˌpræksiˈɒlədʒi/; from Ancient Greek πρᾶξις (praxis) 'deed, action', and -λογία (-logia) 'study of') is the theory of human action, based on the notion that humans engage in purposeful behavior, contrary to reflexive behavior and other unintentional behavior.

French social philosopher Alfred Espinas gave the term its modern meaning, and praxeology was developed independently by two principal groups: the Austrian school, led by Ludwig von Mises, and the Polish school, led by Tadeusz Kotarbiński.

Response: The major school of praxiology not developed by Ludwig von Mises is the Polish school, which was led by Tadeusz Kotarbiński.


Instruction: 5 Steps showcasing Yubi Key

Response:
Multi-protocol security key secures modern and legacy systems
The YubiKey supports one-time passcodes (OTP)
The YubiKey enables smart card authentication
Enable modern authentication with FIDO U2F
Experience passwordless authentication with FIDO2


Instruction: Landlord can I get a dog.

Response: Dear Landlord. I am keen to get a rescue dog. I would like to request your support before I start my process. I will ensure you that I shall chose a dog that is small and will not disrupt the other tenants. Science is proving that pets are very good for mental health. I know my neighbours and I am sure they will not mind. I look forward to you support and I will keep you posted of my progress in finding a suitable pet that would be welcomed in the building. Many thanks. My best regards.


Instruction: Which party Sam Jones was part of?

Context:
Samuel Barry Jones (8 July 1923 – 26 January 1999) was an Australian politician. He was a member of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly from 1965 until 1984 and a member of the ALP.

Early life
Samuel Barry Jones was born in Newcastle. He was the son of a steelworker and a brother of Charlie Jones. He was educated to intermediate level at Newcastle Boys' High School and trained as a fitter and turner. He was an office-holder in the Amalgamated Engineering Union.

Political career
Sam Jones joined the Labor Party in 1945 and served as vice president and secretary of Tighes Hill branch, vice president of Newcastle and Waratah State Electorate Councils and secretary of Newcastle Federal Electorate Council.

Response: Sam Jones (Samuel Barry Jones) served as vice president and secretary of the Labor Party in 1945.


Instruction: Which of these are characters in Ted Lasso: Rebecca Welton, Olivia Benson, Jamie Tartt

Response: Rebecca Welton and Jamie Tartt are both characters in the TV show Ted Lasso. Olivia Benson is the main character on the TV Show Law & Order: SVU.


Instruction: Whose period was known as the Golden Age of Rome?

Response: Augustus Caesar


Instruction: What is genomics?

Response:
Genomics is an interdisciplinary field of biology focusing on the structure, function, evolution, mapping, and editing of genomes. A genome is an organism's complete set of DNA, including all of its genes as well as its hierarchical, three-dimensional structural configuration. In contrast to genetics, which refers to the study of individual genes and their roles in inheritance, genomics aims at the collective characterization and quantification of all of an organism's genes, their interrelations and influence on the organism. Genes may direct the production of proteins with the assistance of enzymes and messenger molecules. In turn, proteins make up body structures such as organs and tissues as well as control chemical reactions and carry signals between cells. Genomics also involves the sequencing and analysis of genomes through uses of high throughput DNA sequencing and bioinformatics to assemble and analyze the function and structure of entire genomes. Advances in genomics have triggered a revolution in discovery-based research and systems biology to facilitate understanding of even the most complex biological systems such as the brain.

The field also includes studies of intragenomic (within the genome) phenomena such as epistasis (effect of one gene on another), pleiotropy (one gene affecting more than one trait), heterosis (hybrid vigour), and other interactions between loci and alleles within the genome.


Instruction: What is a term deposit?

Response: With a term deposit, you lock away an amount of money for an agreed length of time (the 'term') – that means you can't access the money until the term is up. In return, you'll get a guaranteed rate of interest for the term you select, so you'll know exactly what the return on your money will be.


Instruction: in which city was the first public opera house opened

Response: Venice


Instruction: Who is the best soccer player of all time?

Response: Pele is the biggest player of all time, he won three World Cup and he's the only player that has this achievement. In his career, he scored more than 1.280 goals in his career and won more than 60 championships playing with Santos Futebol Clube (Brazil), Cosmos (USA) and the Brazilian team.


Instruction: When was the second series of Renminbi banknotes introduced in China?

Context: The second series of Renminbi banknotes was introduced on March 1, 1955. Together with the introduction of the second series, the decimal point was moved 4 places to the left. As a result, one first series ¥10,000 note is equivalent to one second series ¥1 note. Though rarely used, coins of the 2nd series are still valid in the PRC, and the PBC also put new coins to the market.

Response: The second series of Renminbi banknotes was introduced on March 1, 1955.


Instruction: Given this paragraph about Duchess Auguste of Württemberg, what happened to personal life?

Context: On 17 March 1773, Auguste’s spouse succeeded as the 4th Prince of Thurn and Taxis. The marriage was at that point severely deteriorated. Auguste left Karl Anselm and settled in Paris. Rumours claimed that she lived with a lover. However, she was tormented by economical problems, ran out of funds and was hounded by creditors.

Response: Auguste’s marriage was severely deteriorated and she had debt problems.


Instruction: Is wolf a domestic or a wild animal?

Response: Generally speaking, wolves are regarded as wild animals. While there are cases where wolves have been domesticated, they're not the same as dogs as pets.


Instruction: Extract the members of the band Radiohead in a comma separated list.

Context: Radiohead are an English rock band formed in Abingdon, Oxfordshire, in 1985. The band consists of Thom Yorke (vocals, guitar, piano, keyboards); brothers Jonny Greenwood (lead guitar, keyboards, other instruments) and Colin Greenwood (bass); Ed O'Brien (guitar, backing vocals); and Philip Selway (drums, percussion). They have worked with the producer Nigel Godrich and the cover artist Stanley Donwood since 1994. Radiohead's experimental approach is credited with advancing the sound of alternative rock.

Response: Thom Yorke, Jonny Greenwood, Colin Greenwood, Ed O'Brien, Philip Selway


Instruction: What does IIT stand for in India?

Context: The Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs) are prestigious central government owned public technical institutes located across India. Known for their excellence in education, they are under the ownership of the Ministry of Education of the Government of India. They are governed by the Institutes of Technology Act, 1961, declaring them as Institutes of National Importance and laying down their powers, duties, and framework for governance as the country's premier institutions in the field of technology. The act currently lists twenty-three IITs. Each IIT has autonomy and is linked to others through a common council called the IIT Council, which oversees their administration. The Minister of Education of India is the ex officio Chairperson of the IIT Council. Currently, there are 23 IITs across the country.

Response: IIT stands for Indian Institutes of Technology. They are government owned technical institutes known for their excellence in education. Currently, there are 23 institutes across India.


Instruction: How do I save for retirement?

Response: First thing is to make a plan and the key is to start saving today no matter how small that amount might be. You will be refining this plan as you move forward to achieving your financial goals. You should always "Pay Yourself" first by allocating a percentage of your pay checks into a company 401K retirement plan or an IRA or Roth IRA. A certain portion of your monthly pay will be pulled out tax free and put into a retirement savings account. You should consult with a tax professional to understand the tax implications. Also, you can work with a professional planner to help create a comprehensive long term plan. This retirement plan will take into account your target financial goals, desired annual spend, investments, social security, pensions, and other financial sources.


Instruction: Make an argument for making buses free to ride in cities.

Response: Making buses free to ride would increase ridership. This benefits cities by reducing cars on the road, reducing traffic congestion and pollution. People who rely on buses often have lower income, and not charging bus fare would be disproportionately beneficial to them. Not charging a fare also avoids the need to maintain payment infrastructure on buses.


Instruction: What are the benefits of building a DIY home build off grid?

Response: Some of the benefits could be: no local government permits or governance, no state or local government infrastructure bills, reduction of taxes, self sustainability for water, electricity, & support services, privacy, disconnecting from social media, reducing your monthly and yearly operational expenses, getting in touch with nature, reducing clutter in your life and a refocusing on bare essentials for living.


Instruction: Give me a title of one of the "Harry Potter" novels.

Response: Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban


Instruction: What is a economic trait of Generation Z (Gen Z)?

Context:
As consumers, members of Generation Z are typically reliant to the Internet to research their options and to place orders. They tend to be skeptical and will shun firms whose actions and values are contradictory. Their purchases are heavily influenced by trends they see on social media.

In the West, while majorities might signal their support for certain ideals such as "environmental consciousness" to pollsters, actual purchases do not reflect their stated views, as can be seen from their high demand for cheap but not durable clothing ("fast fashion"), or preference for rapid delivery. Moreover, young Western consumers of this cohort are less likely to pay a premium for what they want compared to their counterparts from emerging economies.

Response: Gen Z are dependent on the internet to do research and also to place orders. They do not use purchases to signal morals or views, as they tend to purchase fast fashion and prefer fast delivery over quality.


Instruction: Give me a list of the key elements of telecommunications developed over time

Context:
At the 1932 Plenipotentiary Telegraph Conference and the International Radiotelegraph Conference in Madrid, the two organizations decided to merge to form the International Telecommunication Union (ITU). They defined telecommunication as "any telegraphic or telephonic communication of signs, signals, writing, facsimiles and sounds of any kind, by wire, wireless or other systems or processes of electric signaling or visual signaling (semaphores)."

The definition was later reconfirmed, according to Article 1.3 of the Radio Regulations (RR), telecommunication, which defined it as "Any transmission, emission or reception of signs, signals, writings, images and sounds or intelligence of any nature by wire, radio, optical, or other electromagnetic systems".

Beacons and pigeons

A replica of one of Chappe's semaphore towers
Homing pigeons have been used throughout history by different cultures. Pigeon post had Persian roots and was later used by the Romans to aid their military. Frontinus claimed Julius Caesar used pigeons as messengers in his conquest of Gaul. The Greeks also conveyed the names of the victors at the Olympic Games to various cities using homing pigeons. In the early 19th century, the Dutch government used the system in Java and Sumatra. And in 1849, Paul Julius Reuter started a pigeon service to fly stock prices between Aachen and Brussels, a service that operated for a year until the gap in the telegraph link was closed.

In the Middle Ages, chains of beacons were commonly used on hilltops as a means of relaying a signal. Beacon chains suffered the drawback that they could only pass a single bit of information, so the meaning of the message such as "the enemy has been sighted" had to be agreed upon in advance. One notable instance of their use was during the Spanish Armada, when a beacon chain relayed a signal from Plymouth to London.

In 1792, Claude Chappe, a French engineer, built the first fixed visual telegraphy system (or semaphore line) between Lille and Paris. However semaphore suffered from the need for skilled operators and expensive towers at intervals of ten to thirty kilometres (six to nineteen miles). As a result of competition from the electrical telegraph, the last commercial line was abandoned in 1880.

Telegraph and telephone
On July 25, 1837, the first commercial electrical telegraph was demonstrated by English inventor Sir William Fothergill Cooke and English scientist Sir Charles Wheatstone. Both inventors viewed their device as "an improvement to the electromagnetic telegraph" and not as a new device.

Samuel Morse independently developed a version of the electrical telegraph that he unsuccessfully demonstrated on September 2, 1837. His code was an important advance over Wheatstone's signaling method. The first transatlantic telegraph cable was successfully completed on July 27, 1866, allowing transatlantic telecommunication for the first time.

The conventional telephone was patented by Alexander Bell in 1876. Elisha Gray also filed a caveat for it in 1876. Gray abandoned his caveat and because he did not contest Bell's priority, the examiner approved Bell's patent on March 3, 1876. Gray had filed his caveat for the variable resistance telephone, but Bell was the first to document the idea and test it in a telephone. Antonio Meucci invented a device that allowed the electrical transmission of voice over a line nearly 30 years before in 1849, but his device was of little practical value because it relied on the electrophonic effect requiring users to place the receiver in their mouths to "hear." The first commercial telephone services were set up by the Bell Telephone Company in 1878 and 1879 on both sides of the Atlantic in the cities of New Haven and London.

Radio and television
In 1894, Italian inventor Guglielmo Marconi began developing a wireless communication using the then-newly discovered phenomenon of radio waves, showing by 1901 that they could be transmitted across the Atlantic Ocean. This was the start of wireless telegraphy by radio. On 17 December 1902, a transmission from the Marconi station in Glace Bay, Nova Scotia, Canada, became the world's first radio message to cross the Atlantic from North America. In 1904, a commercial service was established to transmit nightly news summaries to subscribing ships, which incorporated them into their onboard newspapers.

World War I accelerated the development of radio for military communications. After the war, commercial radio AM broadcasting began in the 1920s and became an important mass medium for entertainment and news. World War II again accelerated the development of radio for the wartime purposes of aircraft and land communication, radio navigation, and radar. Development of stereo FM broadcasting of radio began in the 1930s in the United States and the 1970s in the United Kingdom, displacing AM as the dominant commercial standard.

On March 25, 1925, John Logie Baird demonstrated the transmission of moving pictures at the London department store Selfridges. Baird's device relied upon the Nipkow disk and thus became known as the mechanical television. It formed the basis of experimental broadcasts done by the British Broadcasting Corporation beginning on 30 September 1929. However, for most of the 20th century, televisions depended on the cathode ray tube invented by Karl Braun. The first version of such a television to show promise was produced by Philo Farnsworth and demonstrated to his family on 7 September 1927. After World War II, interrupted experiments resumed and television became an important home entertainment broadcast medium.

Thermionic valves
The type of device known as a thermionic tube or thermionic valve uses thermionic emission of electrons from a heated cathode for a number of fundamental electronic functions such as signal amplification and current rectification.

The simplest vacuum tube, the diode invented in 1904 by John Ambrose Fleming, contains only a heated electron-emitting cathode and an anode. Electrons can only flow in one direction through the device—from the cathode to the anode. Adding one or more control grids within the tube enables the current between the cathode and anode to be controlled by the voltage on the grid or grids. These devices became a key component of electronic circuits for the first half of the 20th century and were crucial to the development of radio, television, radar, sound recording and reproduction, long-distance telephone networks, and analogue and early digital computers. While some applications had used earlier technologies such as the spark gap transmitter for radio or mechanical computers for computing, it was the invention of the thermionic vacuum tube that made these technologies widespread and practical, leading to the creation of electronics.

In the 1940s, the invention of semiconductor devices made it possible to produce solid-state devices, which are smaller, cheaper, and more efficient, reliable, and durable than thermionic tubes. Starting in the mid-1960s, thermionic tubes were replaced with the transistor. Thermionic tubes still have some applications for certain high-frequency amplifiers.

Computer networks and the Internet
On 11 September 1940, George Stibitz transmitted problems for his Complex Number Calculator in New York using a teletype and received the computed results back at Dartmouth College in New Hampshire. This configuration of a centralized computer (mainframe) with remote dumb terminals remained popular well into the 1970s. In the 1960s, researchers started to investigate packet switching, a technology that sends a message in portions to its destination asynchronously without passing it through a centralized mainframe. A four-node network emerged on 5 December 1969, constituting the beginnings of the ARPANET, which by 1981 had grown to 213 nodes. ARPANET eventually merged with other networks to form the Internet. While Internet development was a focus of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) who published a series of Request for Comments documents, other networking advancements occurred in industrial laboratories, such as the local area network (LAN) developments of Ethernet (1983) and Token Ring (1984)[citation needed].

Growth of transmission capacity
The effective capacity to exchange information worldwide through two-way telecommunication networks grew from 281 petabytes (pB) of optimally compressed information in 1986 to 471 pB in 1993 to 2.2 exabytes (eB) in 2000 to 65 eB in 2007. This is the informational equivalent of two newspaper pages per person per day in 1986, and six entire newspapers per person per day by 2007. Given this growth, telecommunications play an increasingly important role in the world economy and the global telecommunications industry was about a $4.7 trillion sector in 2012. The service revenue of the global telecommunications industry was estimated to be $1.5 trillion in 2010, corresponding to 2.4% of the world's gross domestic product (GDP).

Response: Beacons, telegraph, telephone, radio, television, thermionic valves, computer networks and the Internet


Instruction: Why donuts have holes?

Response: Donuts have holes to help cook/bake the entire food item evenly


Instruction: Q: What treatments are available in the U.S. to treat COVID-19?

Response: A: The FDA has approved and authorized treatments for COVID-19 for emergency use during this public health emergency. View the FDA’s Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) page to see all products authorized to treat COVID-19. Read our article: Know Your Treatment Options for COVID-19.


Instruction: What are some things you could do over the Easter break?

Response:
- Go camping
- Visit friends
- Go out to lunch
- Relax
- Clean the house
- Sleep in every day
- Spend time with family
- Go to church
- Go shopping
- Play sport
- Go to the gym
- Sightsee
- Take up a new hobby


Instruction: Classify each of the following as having two or four legs: human, horse, dog, cat, monkey, kangaroo, boar

Response:
Human: Two Legs
Horse: Four Legs
Dog: Four Legs
Cat: Four Legs
Monkey: Two Legs
Kangaroo: Two Legs
Boar: Four Legs


Instruction: Who are the main cast of It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia?

Response: The main cast of the TV show It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia are Charlie Day, Rob McElhenney, Glenn Howerton, Kaitlin Olson, Danny DeVito, and Mary Elizabeth Ellis.


Instruction: Extract the names of the cities and rank them in alphabetical order?

Context: The United Kingdom is a constitutional monarchy and parliamentary democracy. Its capital and largest city is London, the capital of England, a global city and financial centre with a population of over 14 million people. Edinburgh, Cardiff and Belfast are the national capitals of Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland respectively.

Response: The cities listed in alphabetical order are Belfast, Cardiff, Edinburgh and London.


Instruction: My cat is constantly meowing by the door after I let her out once, but it's dangerous for cats to be outdoors unsupervised. What are some ways I can train her to stop meowing?

Response:
There are a few different ways you can train your cat to stop meowing:
- Get a clicker, and whenever she pauses her meowing, click the clicker and give her a treat. The clicker trains her to associate her behavior with the reward.
- Find something else to entertain her, such as a cat toy, or a video of wildlife.
- Build an outdoor enclosure for her, accessible from a cat door. This will allow her to go outside, but in a safe and controller environment.


Instruction: What is the largest lake in the united states?

Response: Lake Superior


Instruction: Given the passage about churches built in the village of Zijldijk in the Netherlands, when was the only running church built?

Context: Zijldijk has three churches. The Mennomite church was built in 1772 in a non conspicuous barn-like building. It is still in use as a church. The Dutch Reformed church has been reconstructed as a village house. The Reformed Church was constructed in 1886, and nowadays serves as a care facility.

Response: The Mennomite church was built in 1772 and is still in use as a church.


Instruction: What are the four major tournaments for the Professional Golfers Association?

Response: The four major tournaments for the Professional Golfers' Association (PGA) Tour are the Masters, the PGA Championship, the US Open, and the British Open. The Masters is the first tournament of the calendar year and is held in April in Augusta, Georgia, USA. The PGA Championship comes second and is held in May followed by the US Open in June and the British Open in July. The PGA Championship, US Open, and British Open are held at different venues each year whereas the Masters tournament is always held at Augusta National Golf Club. The Masters, US Open, and British Open all welcome qualifying amateurs and professionals alike whereas the PGA Championship is limited to professionals only.


Instruction: How many people visit the zoo in the US each year?

Context:
A zoo (short for zoological garden; also called an animal park or menagerie) is a facility in which animals are kept within enclosures for public exhibition and often bred for conservation purposes.

The term zoological garden refers to zoology, the study of animals. The term is derived from the Greek ζώον, zoon, 'animal', and the suffix -λογία, -logia, 'study of'. The abbreviation zoo was first used of the London Zoological Gardens, which was opened for scientific study in 1828 and to the public in 1847. In the United States alone, zoos are visited by over 181 million people annually.

Response: 181 million people in the US visit the zoo annually each year.


Instruction: Which of the following as water bodies? Classify them as 'water' and 'not water'. Oceans, Lakes, Ponds, Trees, Mountains, Sky, Roads, Fire.

Response: 'water', 'water', 'water', 'not water', 'not water', 'not water', 'not water', 'not water'.


Instruction: What are some of the best ways to generate passive income?

Response:
1) Rental Property Income
2) Crypto staking
3) Peer-to-Peer lending
4) Dividend Income
5) Create a digital course or product
6) Write an e-book and sell on Amazon
7) Affiliate Marketing
8) Invest in a REIT


Instruction: From the passage identify the type of video games which Gamezebo reviews. Display the results in a comma separated format.

Context: Gamezebo (sometimes stylized GameZebo) is a website which reports on and reviews video games. Founded in 2005 by Joel Brodie, it originally focused on casual games before expanding its scope to social games in 2009. After being acquired by the causal game company iWin in 2016, Gamezebo was redesigned and expanded its coverage to PC games. It is based in Walnut Creek, California. Gamezebo was launched in 2005. It was founded by Joel Brodie, the former head of business development at Yahoo! Games. Brodie found that many video game publications "looked down" on casual games and started the website to review and cover news on the genre. It was billed as the first website which solely covered casual games.Gamezebo and the Casual Games Association launched the Zeebys in 2007, which were awarded to casual games. In 2008, it held another installment of the Zebbys which was aired on Lifetime and was nominated for a Webby Award for 'Games-Related' websites. It used RSS for its content feed. In 2009, Gamezebo expanded its scope with the growing popularity of social games such as FarmVille (2009). By February 2010, it had a staff and twenty freelance journalists. The website was redesigned in 2014.In 2015, editor-in-chief Jim Squires told MacRumors that Gamezebo was struggling as larger mobile developers shifted away from traditional advertising. In March 2016, Gamezebo was acquired by casual game company iWin. It launched another redesign shortly after, improving navigation and expanding its coverage to PC games. Gamezebo, Inc. is based in Walnut Creek, California.

Response: casual games, social games


Instruction: Does Minnesota have a professional hockey team?

Response: Yes, the Minnesota Wild are the primary hockey team in Minnesota. They are 1 of 32 teams in the National Hockey League (NHL). The Minnesota Wild play in St. Paul, the capitol of Minnesota at the Excel Energy Center.


Instruction: Based on the reference text, provide a summary of how the monthly benefit amount for social security is calculated.

Context:
Primary Insurance Amount and Monthly Benefit Amount calculations
Main article: Primary Insurance Amount
Workers in Social Security covered employment pay FICA (Federal Insurance Contributions Act) or SECA (Self Employed Contributions Act) taxes and earn quarters of coverage if earnings are above minimum amounts specified in the law. Workers with 40 quarters of coverage (QC) are "fully insured" and eligible for retirement benefits. Retirement benefit amounts depend upon the average of the person's highest 35 years of "adjusted" or "indexed" earnings. A person's payroll-taxable earnings from earlier years are adjusted for economy-wide wage growth, using the national average wage index (AWI), and then averaged. If the worker has fewer than 35 years of covered earnings these non-contributory years are assigned zero earnings. The sum of the highest 35 years of adjusted or indexed earnings divided by 420 (35 years times 12 months per year) produces a person's Average Indexed Monthly Earnings or AIME.

The AIME is then used to calculate the Primary Insurance Amount or PIA. For workers who turn 62 in 2021, the PIA computation formula is:

(a) 90 percent of the first $996 of average indexed monthly earnings, plus

(b) 32 percent of average indexed monthly earnings between $996 and $6,002, plus

(c) 15 percent of average indexed monthly earnings over $6,002

For workers who turn 62 in the future, the 90, 32, and 15 percent factors in the computation formula will remain the same but the dollar amounts in the formula (called bend points) will increase by wage growth in the national economy, as measured by the AWI. Because the AIME and the PIA calculation incorporate the AWI, Social Security benefits are said to be wage indexed. Because wages typically grow faster than prices, the PIAs for workers turning 62 in the future will tend to be higher in real terms but similar relative to average earnings in the economy at the time age 62 is attained.

Monthly benefit amounts are based on the PIA. Once the PIA is computed, it is indexed for price inflation over time. Thus, Social Security monthly benefit amounts retain their purchasing power throughout a person's retirement years.

A worker who first starts receiving a retirement benefit at the full retirement age receives a monthly benefit amount equal to 100 percent of the PIA. A worker who claims the retirement benefit before the full retirement age receives a reduced monthly benefit amount and a worker who claims at an age after the full retirement age (up to age 70) receives an increased monthly amount.

The 90, 32, and 15 percent factors in the PIA computation lead to higher replacement rates for persons with lower career earnings. For example, a retired individual whose average earnings are below the first bend point can receive a monthly benefit at the full retirement age that equals 90 percent of the person's average monthly earnings before retirement. The table shows replacement rates for workers who turned 62 in 2013.

The PIA computation formula for disabled workers parallels that for retired workers except the AIME is based on fewer years to reflect disablement before age 62. The monthly benefit amount of a disabled worker is 100 percent of PIA.

Benefits for spouses, children, and widow(er)s depend on the PIAs of a spouse or a deceased spouse. Aged spouse and divorced spouse beneficiaries can receive up to 50 percent of the PIA. Survivor benefit rates are higher and aged widow(er)s and aged surviving divorced spouses can receive 100 percent of the PIA.

Federal, state and local employees who have elected (when they could) NOT to pay FICA taxes are eligible for a reduced FICA benefits and full Medicare coverage if they have more than forty quarters of qualifying Social Security covered work. To minimize the Social Security payments to those who have not contributed to FICA for 35+ years and are eligible for federal, state and local benefits, which are usually more generous, Congress passed the Windfall Elimination Provision, WEP. The WEP provision will not eliminate all Social Security or Medicare eligibility if the worker has 40 quarters of qualifying income, but calculates the benefit payments by reducing the 90% multiplier in the first PIA bendpoint to 40–85% depending on the number of Years of Coverage. Foreign pensions are subject to WEP.

A special minimum benefit, based on an alternative PIA calculation, is available for some workers with long careers but low earnings. However, it is rarely higher than the regularly-computed PIA and thus few workers qualify for the special minimum benefit. Only 32,000 individuals received the special minimum benefit in 2019.

The benefits someone is eligible for are potentially so complicated that potential retirees should consult the Social Security Administration directly for advice. Many questions are addressed and at least partially answered on many online publications and online calculators.

Response:
The monthly benefit amount for social security is calculated by determining an individual's highest 35 years of "indexed" earnings. The sum of the highest 35 years of "indexed" earnings is divided by 420, which is the number of months in 35 years, to determine an individuals Average Indexed Monthly Earnings, which is referred to as AIME. Once an individuals AIME is determined, the formula to calculate the monthly benefit is as follows:
- 90 percent of the first $996 of AIME, plus
- 32 percent of AIME between $996 and $6,002, plus
- 15 percent of AIME over $6,002


Instruction: List five titles by Kevin Kwan.

Response: Sex and Vanity, Crazy Rich Asians, China Rich Girlfriend, Rich People Problems, Luck: The Essential Guide


Instruction: Given this paragraph, which was built first Disneyland or Disney World?

Context: Designed to supplement Disneyland in Anaheim, California, which had opened in 1955, the complex was developed by Walt Disney in the 1960s. "The Florida Project", as it was known, was intended to present a distinct vision with its own diverse set of attractions. Walt Disney's original plans also called for the inclusion of an "Experimental Prototype Community of Tomorrow" (EPCOT), a planned community intended to serve as a testbed for new city-living innovations. Walt Disney died on December 15, 1966, during the initial planning of the complex. After his death, the company wrestled with the idea of whether to bring the Disney World project to fruition; however, Walt's older brother, Roy O. Disney, came out of retirement to make sure Walt's biggest dream was realized. Construction started in 1967, with the company instead building a resort similar to Disneyland, abandoning the experimental concepts for a planned community. The Magic Kingdom was the first theme park to open in the complex, in 1971, followed by Epcot (1982), Disney's Hollywood Studios (1989), and Disney's Animal Kingdom (1998). It was Roy who insisted the name of the entire complex be changed from Disney World to Walt Disney World, ensuring that people would remember that the project was Walt's dream.

Response: According to this text, Disneyland was built first in 1955, with Disney World construction starting later in 1967 and first opening in 1971.


Instruction: What is an earphone?

Response: Earphones are a little piece of electronic equipment that fits over or inside your ears. It can be used to listen to music, the radio, or your phone in private.


Instruction: What is the expense ratio for an ETF?

Response: An expense ratio reflects how much a mutual fund or an ETF (exchange-traded fund) pays for portfolio management, administration, marketing, and distribution, among other expenses. You'll almost always see it expressed as a percentage of the fund's average net assets (instead of a flat dollar amount).


Instruction: Based on this paragraph, where was the The Ford Telstar sold?

Context: The Ford Telstar is an automobile that was sold by Ford in Asia, Australasia and Africa, comparable in size to the European Ford Sierra and the North American Ford Tempo. It was progressively replaced by the Ford Mondeo. It was named after the Telstar satellite.

Response: Asia, Australasia and Africa


Instruction: Imagine you are at the beach in Hawaii at sunset time. Describe what you see, smell and hear as you relax on a beach chair.

Response: There is a beautiful sunset tonight, with every color of the rainbow painting the clouds in the sky. The horizon is still lit by the last rays of the sun, while higher up the sky is a beautiful cotton candy pink before bleeding into vibrant red and then fading into the fast approaching twilight. I'm watching a palm tree sway in the breeze, and I can hear the crashing waves and leaves rustling, along with the sounds of children playing in the surf and a nearby restaurant set up their bar for the night. The ocean breeze carries the smell of salt water through the air and mixes with the scent of the flowers from the nearby gardens.


Instruction: What are some popular social media applications?

Response: Popular social media applications are Facebook, Instagram, TikTok, Twitter, Reddit, and Youtube


Instruction: Why do sailboats have to tack upwind?

Response: Modern sailboats use sails that act as foils, with pressure that increases on the inside of the foil higher than the outside of the foil, similar to an airplane wing and described by the Bernoulli effect. The sails must have an angle of attack that is perpendicular to the direction of the wind to be effective. Off the wind, or heading away from the wind, the sails can be eased out to maintain this angle. Heading into the wind, the boat can only get so close to the direction to keep the sails from becoming ineffective or "luffing." So to head in the general direction of the wind, a boat must tack at angles to the wind, to make its way in the direction of the wind.


Instruction: What is Chinese Eduction System like?

Response: In China, kids receive 12 years’ basic education, before entering higher education. 12 years’ basic education consistent with 9 years of “compulsory education” and 3 years of high school. The “compulsory education” is paid by the government, at least nominally, and kids are mandated to finish. It is divided into primary school and middle school, usually 6 years and 3 years, respectively. High school is not mandated to students. Some high schools are general high schools, which focus on academics and prepare students for colleges, while others are vocational or technical high schools. Many graduates of general high schools enter higher education. Some of them enter undergraduate study, which is usually 4 years, while others enter professional higher education, which is usually 3 years.


Instruction: Given a reference text about Pablo Picasso, tell me when and where he was born, why he was famous, and what his most famous accomplishment was as a professional

Context:
Pablo Ruiz Picasso (25 October 1881 – 8 April 1973) was a Spanish painter, sculptor, printmaker, ceramicist and theatre designer who spent most of his adult life in France. One of the most influential artists of the 20th century, he is known for co-founding the Cubist movement, the invention of constructed sculpture, the co-invention of collage, and for the wide variety of styles that he helped develop and explore. Among his most famous works are the proto-Cubist Les Demoiselles d'Avignon (1907), and the anti-war painting Guernica (1937), a dramatic portrayal of the bombing of Guernica by German and Italian air forces during the Spanish Civil War.

Born: Pablo Diego José Francisco de Paula Juan Nepomuceno María de los Remedios Cipriano de la Santísima Trinidad Ruiz y Picasso
25 October 1881
Málaga, Kingdom of Spain

Response: Pablo Ruiz Picasso was born on 25 October 1881 in Málaga, Spain. He was a Spanish painter, sculptor, printmaker, ceramicist and theatre designer who spent most of his adult life in France. He is one of the most famous and influential artists of the 20th century because he co-founded the Cubist movement, the invention of constructed sculpture, co-invented collage, and he delveoped and explored a wide variety of other styles. Among his most famous works are the proto-Cubist Les Demoiselles d'Avignon (1907), and the anti-war painting Guernica (1937), a dramatic portrayal of the bombing of Guernica by German and Italian air forces during the Spanish Civil War.


Instruction: What are some of the most famous fantasy books ever written?

Response: The Lord of the Rings Trilogy and 'The Hobbit' by J.R.R. Tolkien are particularly famous in the fantasy genre. 'The Wheel of Time' by Robert Jordan is another famous fantasy series. "A Game of Thrones' by George R.R. Martin is another famous set of fantasy books.


Instruction: What is One Piece?

Context: The series focuses on Monkey D. Luffy, a young man made of rubber, who, inspired by his childhood idol, the powerful pirate Red-Haired Shanks, sets off on a journey from the East Blue Sea to find the mythical treasure, the One Piece, and proclaim himself the King of the Pirates. In an effort to organize his own crew, the Straw Hat Pirates,[Jp 5] Luffy rescues and befriends a pirate hunter and swordsman named Roronoa Zoro, and they head off in search of the titular treasure. They are joined in their journey by Nami, a money-obsessed thief and navigator; Usopp, a sniper and compulsive liar; and Sanji, an amorous but chivalrous cook. They acquire a ship, the Going Merry,[Jp 6] and engage in confrontations with notorious pirates of the East Blue. As Luffy and his crew set out on their adventures, others join the crew later in the series, including Tony Tony Chopper, an anthropomorphized reindeer doctor; Nico Robin, an archaeologist and former Baroque Works assassin; Franky, a cyborg shipwright; Brook, a skeleton musician and swordsman; and Jimbei, a whale shark-type fish-man and former member of the Seven Warlords of the Sea who becomes their helmsman. Once the Going Merry is damaged beyond repair, Franky builds the Straw Hat Pirates a new ship, the Thousand Sunny,[Jp 7] Together, they encounter other pirates, bounty hunters, criminal organizations, revolutionaries, secret agents, different types of scientists, and soldiers of the corrupt World Government, and various other friends and foes, as they sail the seas in pursuit of their dreams.

Response: One Piece is a manga and an anime about pirates. The main protagonist is Monkey D. Luffy who became a rubber man after eating a Rubber Devil Fruit. Devil Fruit are primarily how people get powers in this world. Luffy's goal is to find the One Piece, a fabled treasure that would allow him to become the King of Pirates. His crew includes a swordsman Roronoa Zoro, a navigator Nami, a sniper Usopp, a chef Sanji, a doctor Tony Chopper, an archaeologist Nico Robin, a cyborg shipwright Franky, a skeleton musician Brook, and a fish-man Jimbei. Together they travel between islands and encounter pirates, criminal organizations, World Government officials, and many friends and enemies as they seek to fulfill their dreams.


Instruction: What is the color of tennis balls?

Context: Tennis balls were originally made of cloth strips stitched together with thread and stuffed with feathers. Modern tennis balls are made of hollow vulcanized rubber with a felt coating. Traditionally white, the predominant colour was gradually changed to optic yellow in the latter part of the 20th century to allow for improved visibility. Tennis balls must conform to certain criteria for size, weight, deformation, and bounce to be approved for regulation play. The International Tennis Federation (ITF) defines the official diameter as 65.41–68.58 mm (2.575–2.700 in). Balls must weigh between 56.0 and 59.4 g (1.98 and 2.10 oz).

Response: Modern tennis balls are yellow.


Instruction: You and your friends are discussing the best tier ratings of common London-based football teams. You are trying to determine whether Chelsea F.C., Arsenal F.C., Tottenham Hotspur F.C., West Ham United F.C., Fulham F.C. and Crystal Palace F.C. are considered by fans to be the 'best', 'ok' and 'worst'.

Response:
best: Tottenham Hotspur F.C.
ok: Chelsea F.C., West Ham United F.C., Fulham F.C. and Crystal Palace F.C.
worst: Arsenal F.C.


Instruction: How long will it take me to train for a marathon?

Response: It depends on your goals! Many runners training to finish a marathon can do so with only 12 weeks of training, but if you are aiming for a PR or to qualify for the Boston Marathon, you'll likely need a longer training plan. Most runners who qualify for Boston run between 50 and 80 miles a week, which can take anywhere from 10 to 15 hours a week.


Instruction: What does "16-bit" mean when referring to digital audio?

Context:
A PCM signal is a sequence of digital audio samples containing the data providing the necessary information to reconstruct the original analog signal. Each sample represents the amplitude of the signal at a specific point in time, and the samples are uniformly spaced in time. The amplitude is the only information explicitly stored in the sample, and it is typically stored as either an integer or a floating point number, encoded as a binary number with a fixed number of digits: the sample's bit depth, also referred to as word length or word size.

The resolution indicates the number of discrete values that can be represented over the range of analog values. The resolution of binary integers increases exponentially as the word length increases. Adding one bit doubles the resolution, adding two quadruples it and so on. The number of possible values that can be represented by an integer bit depth can be calculated by using 2^n, where n is the bit depth. Thus, a 16-bit system has a resolution of 65,536 (2^16) possible values.

Response: Converting sound into a digital format requires taking samples of the original sound wave at regular points in time. These samples numerically represent the relative strength, or amplitude, of the analog wave as it varies over time. For digital audio, these numbers are recorded in binary notation. When digital audio is advertised as 16-bit, we mean that the numerical samples of the artist's recording were recorded as 16 digit-long binary numbers.


Instruction: What percussion instruments are easy to learn?

Response: Hand drums, tambourine and triangle are easy to learn percussion instruments.


Instruction: Write a polite rejection response to a LinkedIn recruiter

Response:
Hello,

Thank you for your message. I’m currently happy where I am but hope to reconnect in the future. Best of luck to you on the search.

With gratitude,


Instruction: What are some achievements of the 137th Division

Context:
The 137th Division (Chinese: 第137师) was created in November 1948 under the Regulation of the Redesignations of All Organizations and Units of the Army, issued by Central Military Commission on November 1, 1948, basing on the 26th Division, 9th Column of the Fourth Field Army. Its history could be traced to the 13th Brigade of Jidong Military District formed in November 1945.

In the composition of 46th Corps it took part in the Chinese civil war, including the Winter Offensive of 1947 in Northeast China, Liaoshen Campaign, Pingjin Campaign, and Hengbao Campaign.

The division was composed of 409th, 410th, and 411th Infantry Regiments.

From August 1952 to October 1955 the division was deployed to North Korea as a part of the People's Volunteer Army.

In June 1953, 518th Artillery Regiment was activated and attached to the division.

In October 1955, the division left North Korea along with the corps HQ and was relocated in Jilin City, Jilin Province.

In May 1957, the 410th Regiment was reconstituted into reduced status. In February 1960, the 410th Regiment was reestablished to full strength.

In April 1960 the division was redesignated as the 137th Army Division (Chinese: 陆军第137师). The division was then composed of:

Response:
The 137th Division was created in November 1948 under the Regulation of the Redesignations of All Organizations and Units of the Army, issued by Central Military Commission on November 1, 1948, basing on the 26th Division, 9th Column of the Fourth Field Army. Its history could be traced to the 13th Brigade of Jidong Military District formed in November 1945.

In the composition of 46th Corps it took part in the Chinese civil war, including the Winter Offensive of 1947 in Northeast China, Liaoshen Campaign, Pingjin Campaign, and Hengbao Campaign.

The division was composed of 409th, 410th, and 411th Infantry Regiments.

From August 1952 to October 1955 the division was deployed to North Korea as a part of the People's Volunteer Army.

In June 1953, 518th Artillery Regiment was activated and attached to the division.

In October 1955, the division left North Korea along with the corps HQ and was relocated in Jilin City, Jilin Province.

In May 1957, the 410th Regiment was reconstituted into reduced status. In February 1960, the 410th Regiment was reestablished to full strength.

In April 1960 the division was redesignated as the 137th Army Division


Instruction: In the series A Song of Ice and Fire, who is the founder of House Thenn?

Response: Sigorn, son of Styr


Instruction: When is India's independence day?

Response: India celebrates her independence day on the 15th day of August every year. The prime minister hoists the national flag at red fort and gives a speech to the nation.


Instruction: Identify which animal species is alive or extinct: Tyrannosaurus Rex, Amazon River Dolphin

Response: Tyrannosaurus Rex is extinct, Amazon River Dolphin is alive.


Instruction: Find all sports from this passage that use the term hat-trick.

Context: The term first appeared in 1858 in cricket, to describe H. H. Stephenson taking three wickets with three consecutive deliveries. Fans held a collection for Stephenson, and presented him with a hat bought with the proceeds.[full citation needed] The term was used in print for the first time in 1865 in the Chelmsford Chronicle.[non-primary source needed] The term was eventually adopted by many other sports including hockey, association football, Formula 1 racing, rugby, and water polo.

Response: Term hat-trick is primarily used in Cricket but is also adopted in hockey, association football, Formula 1 racing, rugby, and water polo.


Instruction: If we wanted to play sports that involve a ball, which of these would we play: soccer, football, swimming, snowboard, skiing, baseball.

Response: Soccer, football and baseball are sports that require a ball whereas swimming, snowboarding and skiing do not.


Instruction: Where are most apples grown?

Response: The United States is the second largest apple producer worldwide, behind China. U.S. production is followed by Poland, Italy and France. The United States grows approximately 200 unique apple varieties.


Instruction: What is ASEAN?

Response: ASEAN stands for the Association of South East Asian Nations. It was formed as an economic and political union on the 8th of August 1967 through the Bangkok Declaration. It has a secondary objective of promoting peace. It currently consists of ten member countries in South East Asia, namely Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam


Instruction: What are modifiers in English?

Response: A word, especially an adjective or noun used attributively, that restricts or adds to sense of a head noun


Instruction: Identify which of these animals live in water and which live on land: elephants, wolves, sharks, dolphins, cows, raccoons, pigs.

Response: From the list provided, only sharks and dolphins live in water. The rest live on land: elephants, wolves, cows, raccoons, pigs.


Instruction: You are getting ready for your soccer game and look into your soccer bag. Which of the following items are part of your soccer equipment: cleats, boots, tights, jersey, swimsuit, milk, carrots, water, shin guards, socks, folder, racket, glove

Response: soccer equipment: cleats, boots, jersey, water, shin guards, socks, ball


Instruction: Why do humans like golf?

Response: Humans like golf because of the games ability to keep a person humble. Golf is by nature, an individual sport, so the human is essentially playing against themselves. This nature gives humans the ability to become at peace as they accept defeat in a game that truly cannot be won. Success is only measured against ones self.


Instruction: Identify which instrument is string or percussion: Kirikoketa, Ichigenkin

Response: Ichigenkin is string, Kirikoketa is percussion.


Instruction: Where is WIOO served to license?

Context:
WIOO (1000 AM), known as "Country Gold FM & AM", WIOO is a commercial AM radio station licensed to serve Carlisle, Pennsylvania. The call sign stands for the station's former long-time branding, "W-100," referring to its position on the AM dial. WIOO has aired a "country gold" format for the past 21 years, playing country music from approximately 5–50 years ago. The station is affiliated with Westwood One, and with Motor Racing Network, and Performance Racing Network for extensive NASCAR coverage.

WIOO is a "daytimer", broadcasting at full power from local sunrise to local sunset, and at reduced power from local sunset until 45 minutes later (during "critical hours"), after which it signs off to protect clear channel station WMVP in Chicago, Illinois from skywave interference. The station's programming is simulcast 24 hours a day on FM translators 97.9 W250AP and 107.3 W297CO both in Carlisle. WIOO also simulcasts the majority of its programming on translator 93.9 W230AX, licensed to serve Shippensburg, Pennsylvania.

Response: The WIOO AM radio station is licensed to serve Carlisle, Pennsylvania.


Instruction: What is the old name for The Go Between Bridge?

Context: The Go Between Bridge, formerly known as the Hale Street Link, is a toll bridge for vehicles, pedestrians and cyclists over the Brisbane River in inner-city Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. The bridge connects Merivale and Cordelia Streets in West End to Hale Street and the Inner City Bypass at Milton. It is Brisbane's first inner-city traffic bridge in 40 years and carries around 12,000 vehicles per day. The bridge opened to traffic on 5 July 2010 and is now operated by Transurban Queensland.

Response: Hale Street Link


Instruction: Tell me about the play Die Schutzbefohlenen

Context: Die Schutzbefohlenen (translated as "Charges (The Supplicants)"[note 1]), is a play by Elfriede Jelinek written in 2013. She termed it a Sprachkunstwerk, a language artwork. It deals critically with the politics at the time concerning refugees. The play was first read in Hamburg on 21 September 2013. The first scenic production was in Mannheim on 23 May 2014. The first production in Austria was staged at the Burgtheater in Vienna on 28 March 2015, which was recognised internationally. Later that year, Jelinek expanded the text to reflect the changed political situation.

Response:
Die Schutzbefohlenen, translated as the supplicants is a play by Elfriede Jelinek written in 2013. She termed it a Sprachkunstwerk, a language artwork. It deals critically with the politics at the time concerning refugees. The play was first read in Hamburg on 21 September 2013. The first scenic production was in Mannheim on 23 May 2014.

The first production in Austria was staged at the Burgtheater in Vienna on 28 March 2015, which was recognised internationally. Later that year, Jelinek expanded the text to reflect the changed political situation.


Instruction: What is the name of the gruff and tough female Viper pilot on the 2003 reboot of "Battlestar Galactica"?

Response: Kara "Starbuck" Thrace


Instruction: What are some ideas for fun rainy day activities to do with a 7 year old?

Response:
* Play board games! Kids 6+ love to play board games of all kinds. You likely have a few sitting at home - dust them off and have at it!
* Learn Chess! You may be surprised, but chess comes naturally to most kids, and many of them love the idea of horses, castles, kings and queens all battling against each other. While chess can take years to master, it is easy and fun to get started.
* Go to the library! Libraries are great places to spend a rainy day, while giving you a chance to get out of the house. Many libraries have kids areas and besides books, you may be able to borrow legos, art supplies and puzzles, among other items.
* Go outside and jump in some puddles! Put on your rain boots and embrace the rainy weather by jumping in some puddles!
* Make origami! Use some unfolded scrap paper (or origami paper if you have some), fire up some online tutorials, and make anything from ninja stars to paper airplanes and boats (bonus: take the boat outside and sail it in a puddle!)
* Go to your local rec center! If you're lucky enough to have a recreation center close by, then a rainy day is a great day to visit, to play basketball indoors, for example.
* Take a bus or drive to a museum! 7 year olds tend to be very curious and as long as you don't overdo it, a museum can be a fun place to kill an hour or two!


Instruction: Give a numbered list of instructions to set up a snowboard. The items I can use are a snowboard, snowboard bindings, a screwdriver, screws, and a measuring tape.

Response:
1. Figure out your reference stance, or how far apart your feet will be when riding the snowboard. This should be a comfortable position that is generally a bit wider than shoulder-width.
2. Using the measuring tape, measure the reference stance distance between the mounting holes of both feet. Start from the mounting holes in the center of each foot on the snowboard and expand out until the proper width is measured.
3. Align your snowboard bindings on the identified mounting holes. You may first consider adjusting the angle of your snowboard bindings, this can be done by rotating the baseplate of the binding.
4. Using the screwdriver and screws, screw in the snowboard bindings at the chosen angle and at the chosen mounting position. Make sure the bindings are tight.


Instruction: What is a car used for?

Response: A car is used to help you travel between places. It is useful to get you to where you need to go in a shorter amount of time as opposed to any other means of travel like walking. If you need to be somewhere fast a car could potentially be your best option and also save you some time. Ways to use a car could be for the following: driving your kids to school, going out to eat, or taking a trip.


Instruction: How can the Federal Reserve control inflation?

Response: The Federal Reserve has a "dual mandate" to both keep prices stable and maintain the highest level of sustainable employment. Controlling inflation falls into the scope of price stability. The Fed has three main tools to achieve this goal. First, they can change the Federal Funds Rate which is the interest rate used by banks for inter-bank lending and is the foundation for interest rates more broadly. An increase in the Federal Funds Rate, will cause interest rates to increase for loans, mortgages, credit cards, etc. The higher costs of interest rates cause prices to decrease. Second, the Fed can set expectations for path of the Federal Funds Rate via announcements from Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC) and "Fed Speak" from individual Fed governors. These updates and commentary are based on the Feds marcoeconcomic forecasts and the individual opinions of the Fed governors. These expectations can influence the publics expectation for inflation and therefore the actual path of inflation. Lastly, the Fed has many technical tools for influencing credit markets and the interest rates on government bonds. These tools involve buying/selling US treasuries or providing assurances to select credit markets. These actions can tighten/loosen these credit markets and therfore indirectly influence actual interest rates. In summary, all three tools used by the Fed play a part in the strategy for controlling inflation.


Instruction: Who wrote The Godfather?

Response: The Godfather was written by Mario Puzo, originally published in 1969.


Instruction: Given this plot summary from The Night Buffalo, what caused Manuel to discover these occurrences caused by his late friend?

Context:
The Night Buffalo (orig. Spanish El Búfalo de la Noche) is a novel by Guillermo Arriaga.

Plot summary
After Gregorio commits suicide, his friend Manuel finds himself unraveling his late friend’s world, and what led him to suicide. Gregorio’s tortuous relationship with his girlfriend is now inherited by Manuel; he becomes involved with his late friend’s girlfriend. Gregorio has missed appointments, left strange messages, and has been harassed by a vengeful policeman.

Response: Gregorio committed suicide, this caused Manuel to go down a path of discoveries uncovering what led him to suicide.


Instruction: Please sort the following numbers in ascending order: 6, 88, 4, 2074, 34

Response: 4, 6, 34, 88, 2074


Instruction: Why is the Saguaro cactus important to Arizona?

Response: The Saguaro cactus (Saguaro Cacti) is a very rare type of cacti that only grows in the Sonoran Desert, which southern Arizona is part of. The Saguaro, can easily live a few hundred years as it takes about 50-75 years just to grow one arm. Due to new construction in Arizona, a Saguaro interfering with the location of a building must be transplanted and cannot be destroyed. The destruction of a Saguaro cactus is a class-4 felony.


Instruction: Where is Seinäjoki City Hall?

Context: The Seinäjoki City Hall is the main municipal administrative building in the city of Seinäjoki, Finland. It is notable for having been designed by the renowned Finnish architect Alvar Aalto.

Response: Seinäjoki City Hall, located in Seinäjoki, Finland is the city's main municipal administrative building. The building was designed by the renowned Finnish architect Alvar Aalto.


Instruction: here is some text about Grand-Lahou Department, What year did Grand-Lahou become part of Lagunes District?

Context:
Grand-Lahou Department was created in 1988 as a first-level subdivision via a split-off from Abidjan Department.

In 1997, regions were introduced as new first-level subdivisions of Ivory Coast; as a result, all departments were converted into second-level subdivisions. Grand-Lahou Department was included in Lagunes Region.

In 2011, districts were introduced as new first-level subdivisions of Ivory Coast. At the same time, regions were reorganised and became second-level subdivisions and all departments were converted into third-level subdivisions. At this time, Grand-Lahou Department became part of Grands-Ponts Region in Lagunes District.

Response: In 2011.


Instruction: Classify each of the following as an instrument or tool: screw driver, guitar, trumpet, chisel, tuba, wrench

Response:
Screw Driver: Tool
Guitar: Instrument
Trumpet: Instrument
Chisel: Tool
Tuba: Instrument
Wrench: Tool


Instruction: What is the difference between an alligator and a crocodile?

Response: Alligators and crocodiles have many similarities, including both having short legs, powerful tails, and long snouts, but there are also a number of ways to tell them apart. First, they are usually found in different locations, with alligators preferring freshwater areas and crocodiles being found in saltwater habitats. Second, their snouts are shaped differently, with alligators having a broad, U-shaped snout, where the snout of crocodiles is more narrow and V-shaped. You can often see some of the bottom teeth on a crocodile, even when its mouth is shut, but not on an alligator. Finally, alligators usually appear to be more black or dark gray, with crocodiles appearing more tan or olive.


Instruction: Choose the word which is different from the rest: Trigger, Muzzle, Pallete, Barrel, Bullet

Response: All except Pallete are parts of a gun


Instruction: Extract the list of the countries where Coffea arabica has been grown, and separate them with a comma

Context:
Endemic to the southwestern highlands of Ethiopia, Coffea arabica is today grown in dozens of countries between the Tropic of Capricorn and the Tropic of Cancer. It is commonly used as an understory shrub. It has also been recovered from the Boma Plateau in South Sudan. Coffea arabica is also found on Mount Marsabit in northern Kenya, but it is unclear whether this is a truly native or naturalised occurrence; recent studies support it being naturalised. The species is widely naturalised in areas outside its native land, in many parts of Africa, Latin America, Southeast Asia, India, China, and assorted islands in the Caribbean and in the Pacific.

The coffee tree was first brought to Hawaii in 1813, and it began to be extensively grown by about 1850. It was formerly more widely grown than at present, especially in Kona, and it persists after cultivation in many areas. In some valleys, it is a highly invasive weed. In the Udawattakele and Gannoruwa Forest Reserves near Kandy, Sri Lanka, coffee shrubs are also a problematic invasive species.

Coffee has been produced in Queensland and New South Wales of Australia, starting in the 1980s and 90s. The Wet Tropics Management Authority has classified Coffea arabica as an environmental weed for southeast Queensland due to its invasiveness in non-agricultural areas.

Response: Ethiopia, Sudan, USA(Hawaii), Sri Lanka, Australia


Instruction: Which is a species of fish? Pleco or Place

Response: Pleco


Instruction: What are some types of physical exercise?

Response:
Exercise can encompass: cardiovascular (aka, cardio), to improve blood flow/circulation and overall heart and lung health
lifting, to build or tone muscles (arms, legs, shoulders benefit from lifting)
core, to improve balance, coordination, and stability
stretching, to improve flexibility and tone (yoga, martial arts, barre, pilates)
endurance (swimming, cycling, running distances)


Instruction: What was the Ottoman ironclad Hifz-ur Rahman?

Context:
Hifz-ur Rahman (Ottoman Turkish: Merciful Protector) was the second of two Lüft-ü Celil-class ironclads built for the Ottoman Navy in the late 1860s. Originally ordered by the Khedivate of Egypt, an autonomous vassal state of the Ottoman Empire, the central Ottoman government forced Egypt to surrender Hifz-ur Rahman while she was still under construction at the French Forges et Chantiers de la Gironde shipyard. The vessel was a turret ship, armed with two 229 mm (9 in) Armstrong guns and two 178 mm (7 in) Armstrong guns, both pairs in revolving gun turrets.

Hifz-ur Rahman saw action during the Russo-Turkish War in 1877–1878, where she operated on the Danube to try to prevent Russian forces from crossing the river. While defending the port of Sulina, she engaged Russian gunboats in an inconclusive action. She was laid up for twenty years, until the outbreak of the Greco-Turkish War in 1897, which highlighted the badly deteriorated state of the Ottoman fleet. A large-scale reconstruction program was put in place, and Hifz-ur Rahman was rebuilt in the Imperial Arsenal in the early 1890s. Nevertheless, she saw no further service of any significance, and she was sold for scrap in 1909.

Response: The Hifz-ur Rahman was a big ship in the old days of the Ottoman empire. It had many powerful guns. It fought in wars against Russia and then later against the Greeks. Later in it's life it was restored but new saw battle again. Sadly, it was eventually scrapped.


Instruction: How do beaver damns benefit the environment?

Context: Beavers build dams and lodges using tree branches, vegetation, rocks and mud; they chew down trees for building material. Dams restrict water flow, and lodges serve as shelters. Their infrastructure creates wetlands used by many other species, and because of their effect on other organisms in the ecosystem, beavers are considered a keystone species.

Response: Although beavers build damns to protect themselves they also help generate wetlands which are natural habits for a lot of other species. They are a key contributor to the ecosystem they live in.


Instruction: I am planning a trip to Spain. I am interested in culture, museums and art, but I also want to go to the beach and have great food. What are 5 places that I should definitely visit?

Response:
Spain is a large country where you can find all of those things. This would be my top 5, but there are many other places that are worth it. Since you are not specifying the time you will spend in Spain, I will exclude the islands (Balearic Islands and Canary Islands) from the list:

- Madrid: the capital city of Spain has some of the top museums in Europe, like the Prado or the Reina Sofia Museums. It is a city with a great atmosphere, and has some of the best restaurants in the country.
- Barcelona: a mediterranean global city with a lot to offer - from Antonio Gaudi's architectural masterpieces to beaches and awesome views of the Mediterranean sea.
- Galicia: a region located in northwestern Spain. Not very touristic, but with amazing places like Santiago de Compostela, and amazing restaurants and gastronomy.
- Sevilla: the largest city in Southern Spain, full of history, museums and amazing places to eat.
- Costa del Sol: one of the best places in Spain to visit the beach and get some sunlight. As its name states (Sun Coast), you will get sunny weather all year round.


Instruction: What is the difference between an electric guitar and acoustic guitar?

Response: The main difference between an electric guitar and an acoustic guitar is the way they are played. An electric guitar has a pickup attached to it and is played with an amplifier. On the other hand, an acoustic guitar is played without an amplifier and is typically plugged into an amplifier when being played in a live setting.


Instruction: What is Vue.js?

Response: Vue.js is a JavaScript framework for building user interfaces. It builds on top of standard HTML, CSS, and JavaScript and provides a declarative and component-based programming model that helps you efficiently develop user interfaces, be they simple or complex.


Instruction: What are the words of House Bolton?

Response: "Our Blades are Sharp"


Instruction: What is "diglossia"?

Response: Diglossia is when one community uses two different languages or dialects depending on the circumstances e.g. for written things and for casual conversation. A weird (not actual schoolbook) case of that is Swiss German. High German is used for written and formal things while Swiss German is used to speak.