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+ ---
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+ language:
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+ - en
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+ ---
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+ This repository contains the pretraining data for [the models](https://huggingface.co/LaurensWink/SmolLM2-135M_variants) probed in _[Child-directed speech facilitates production, not comprehension, in BabyLMs](https://aclanthology.org/2026.conll-main.14/)_ (Bunzeck & Zarrieß @ CoNLL 2026).
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+
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+ If you use this data, please cite:
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+ ```
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+ @inproceedings{bunzeck-zarriess-2026-child,
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+ title = "Child-directed speech facilitates production, not comprehension, in {B}aby{LM}s",
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+ author = "Bunzeck, Bastian and
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+ Zarrie{\ss}, Sina",
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+ editor = "Bonial, Claire and
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+ Berzak, Yevgeni",
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+ booktitle = "Proceedings of the 30th Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
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+ month = jul,
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+ year = "2026",
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+ address = "San Diego, California, USA",
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+ publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
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+ url = "https://aclanthology.org/2026.conll-main.14/",
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+ doi = "10.18653/v1/2026.conll-main.14",
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+ pages = "227--249",
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+ ISBN = "979-8-89176-410-1",
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+ abstract = "Recent studies suggest that child-directed speech is not conducive to language learning in BabyLMs. However, current evaluations focus predominantly on comprehension and not production, which is central to usage-based theories of language acquisition which argue how CDS facilitates early language use through constructional ``frames'' (frequent lexical patterns with open slots). We introduce a novel generation-based evaluation inspired by such theories in form of a \textbf{frame-completion task}, and compare Llama models trained with CDS, the BabyLM corpus, and web-crawl data (FineWeb-edu) on comprehension benchmarks and our novel framework. Our results reveal a clear dissociation between models' comprehension and production capabilities: while FineWeb-trained models excel at minimal pairs, CDS-trained models produce grammatical completions substantially earlier in training and concentrate probability mass on appropriate slot-fillers. These findings show that comprehension benchmarks underestimate what CDS affords to BabyLMs."
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+ }
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+ ```