text stringlengths 0 22.2k | title stringlengths 2 208 | embeddings listlengths 768 768 |
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Algorithms is a monthly peer-reviewed open-access scientific journal of mathematics, covering design, analysis, and experiments on algorithms. The journal is published by MDPI and was established in 2008. The founding editor-in-chief was Kazuo Iwama (Kyoto University).. From May 2014 to September 2019, the editor-in-ch... | Algorithms (journal) | [
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Telecommunications in Antigua and Barbuda are via media in the telecommunications industry. This article is about communications systems in Antigua and Barbuda.
==Telephone==
Telephones – main lines in use: 37,500 (2006)
:country comparison to the world: 168
Telephones – mobile cellular: 110,200 (2006) (APUA PCS, Cable... | Telecommunications in Antigua and Barbuda | [
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-0.5685233473777771,
-0.3557618856430053... |
1160
|-
| FM 92.9
| VYBZ-FM
| Vybz FM
| Saint John's, Antigua
|
|-
| FM 93.9
| Unknown
| Caribbean SuperStation
| Saint John's, Antigua
| repeats Caribbean SuperStation from Trinidad
|-
| FM 95.7
| Unknown
| Zoom Radio
| Saint John's, Antigua
|
|-
| FM 97.1
| ZDK
| Radio ZDK
| Saint John's, Antigua
| repeats AM 1100
|-... | Telecommunications in Antigua and Barbuda | [
-0.38464146852493286,
0.09373564273118973,
0.5920447111129761,
-0.0604635626077652,
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-0.3575306236743927,
0.4710124433040619,
-0.7054758667945862,
-0.452377349138259... |
know/Not stated
|20.58%
|70.61%
|8.81%
|-
!Total
!48.35%
!49.81%
!1.84%
|}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Household internet access by ethnicity
! rowspan="2" |Q48 Ethnic
! colspan="3" |Q25 4 Internet access
|-
!No
!Yes
!Don't know/not declared
|-
|African descendent
|51.99%
|38.20%
|9.81%
|-
|Caucasian/White
|14.56%
... | Telecommunications in Antigua and Barbuda | [
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This article is about communications systems in Anguilla.
==Telephone==
Telephones – main lines in use: 6,200 (2002)
:country comparison to the world: 212
Telephones – mobile cellular: 1,800 (2002)
:country comparison to the world: 211
Telephone system:
Domestic: Modern internal telephone system
International: EAST CAR... | Telecommunications in Anguilla | [
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-0.15691043436527252,
0.4009139835834503,
-0.21980620920658112,
-0.55742096900... |
FM 100.1 MHz
| Unknown
| Caribbean Beacon
| The Valley
| Religious broadcaster
|-
| FM 100.9 MHz
| Unknown
| CBN – Country Broadcast Network
| The Valley
| 3 kW
|-
| FM 103.3 MHz
| Unknown
| Kool FM
| The Valley
| Religious broadcaster, Urban Caribbean
|-
| FM 105.1 MHz
| ZRON-FM
| Tradewinds Radio
| The Valley
| 5 kW,... | Telecommunications in Anguilla | [
-0.06396067142486572,
0.2722323536872864,
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Acoustic theory is a scientific field that relates to the description of sound waves. It derives from fluid dynamics. See acoustics for the engineering approach.
For sound waves of any magnitude of a disturbance in velocity, pressure, and density we have
:
\begin{align}
\frac{\partial \rho'}{\partial t} +\rho_0... | Acoustic theory | [
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-0.13352952897548676,
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-0.15906089544296265,
0.4760744571685791,
-0.27058276534080505,
0.15318736433982... |
we then have the acoustic wave equation that describes the system:
:
\frac{1}{c^2}\frac{\partial^2 \phi}{\partial t^2} - \nabla^2\phi = 0
Where we have
:
\begin{align}
\mathbf{v} & = -\nabla \phi \\
c^2 & = (\frac{\partial p}{\partial \rho})_s\\
p' & = \rho_0\frac{\partial \phi}{\partial t}\\
\rho' & = \frac{\r... | Acoustic theory | [
-0.15324585139751434,
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-0.033292192965745926,
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-0.14406171441078186,
-0.05376986... |
+ (\rho_0+\rho')(\mathbf{v}\cdot\nabla)\mathbf{v} + \nabla p' & = 0
\end{align}
===A Moving Medium===
Starting with
:
\begin{align}
\frac{\partial \rho'}{\partial t} +\rho_0\nabla\cdot\mathbf{w}+\nabla\cdot \rho'\mathbf{w} & = 0 \\
(\rho_0+\rho')\frac{\partial \mathbf{w}}{\partial t} + (\rho_0+\rho')(\ma... | Acoustic theory | [
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that we keep terms to first order, for the continuity equation, we have the \rho'\mathbf{v} term going to 0. This similarly applies for the density perturbation times the time derivative of the velocity. Moreover, the spatial components of the material derivative go to 0. We thus have, upon rearranging the equilibrium ... | Acoustic theory | [
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0.1353808492... |
+ \frac{1}{\rho_0}\nabla p' & = 0
\end{align}
===For Irrotational Fluids===
In the case that the fluid is irrotational, that is \nabla\times\mathbf{v} = 0, we can then write \mathbf{v} = -\nabla\phi and thus write our equations of motion as
:
\begin{align}
\frac{\partial p'}{\partial t} -\rho_0c^2\nabla^2\phi... | Acoustic theory | [
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-0.14772655069828033,
0.0030939143... |
we saw that p' = (\frac{\partial p}{\partial \rho_0})_s\rho' = c^2\rho'. Thus we can multiply the above equation appropriately and see that
:
\frac{1}{c^2}\frac{\partial^2 \rho'}{\partial t^2} -\nabla^2\rho' = 0
Thus, the velocity potential, pressure, and density all obey the wave equation. Moreover, we only need... | Acoustic theory | [
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-0.000592452415... |
\frac{\partial \rho'}{\partial t} +\rho_0\nabla\cdot\mathbf{v}+\mathbf{u}\cdot\nabla\rho' & = 0 \\
\frac{\partial \mathbf{v}}{\partial t} + (\mathbf{u}\cdot\nabla)\mathbf{v} + \frac{1}{\rho_0}\nabla p' & = 0
\end{align}
If we make the previous assumptions of the fluid being ideal and the velocity being irrotatio... | Acoustic theory | [
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differential equation must be solved with the appropriate boundary conditions. Note that setting \mathbf{u}=0 returns us the wave equation. Regardless, upon solving this equation for a moving medium, we then have
:
\begin{align}
\mathbf{v} & = -\nabla \phi \\
p' & = \rho_0(\frac{\partial}{\partial t} + \mathbf{u}\cd... | Acoustic theory | [
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0.09271990... |
Ascorbic acid is an organic compound with formula , originally called hexuronic acid. It is a white solid, but impure samples can appear yellowish. It dissolves well in water to give mildly acidic solutions. It is a mild reducing agent.
Ascorbic acid exists as two enantiomers (mirror-image isomers), commonly denoted ... | Chemistry of ascorbic acid | [
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0.2571781575679779,
-0.5801494121551514,
0.127027943730... |
In 1932 Charles Glen King confirmed that it was indeed the antiscorbutic factor.
In 1933, sugar chemist Walter Norman Haworth, working with samples of "hexuronic acid" that Szent-Györgyi had isolated from paprika and sent him in the previous year, deduced the correct structure and optical-isomeric nature of the compoun... | Chemistry of ascorbic acid | [
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-0.47235819697380066,
0.3415388... |
such as sodium ascorbate, calcium ascorbate, and potassium ascorbate.
===Esters===
Ascorbic acid can also react with organic acids as an alcohol forming esters such as ascorbyl palmitate and ascorbyl stearate.
===Nucleophilic attack===
Nucleophilic attack of ascorbic acid on a proton results in a 1,3-diketone:
:Image:... | Chemistry of ascorbic acid | [
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The oxidized forms of ascorbate are relatively unreactive and do not cause cellular damage.
However, being a good electron donor, excess ascorbate in the presence of free metal ions can not only promote but also initiate free radical reactions, thus making it a potentially dangerous pro-oxidative compound in certain me... | Chemistry of ascorbic acid | [
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as a preservative.
* In fluorescence microscopy and related fluorescence-based techniques, ascorbic acid can be used as an antioxidant to increase fluorescent signal and chemically retard dye photobleaching.
* It is also commonly used to remove dissolved metal stains, such as iron, from fiberglass swimming pool surface... | Chemistry of ascorbic acid | [
0.12901349365711212,
0.35362493991851807,
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-0.5056434869766235,
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by a variety of processes.
===Industrial preparation===
Eighty percent of the world's supply of ascorbic acid is produced in China.
Ascorbic acid is prepared in industry from glucose in a method based on the historical Reichstein process. In the first of a five-step process, glucose is catalytically hydrogenated to so... | Chemistry of ascorbic acid | [
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second genetically modified microbe species, such as mutant Erwinia, among others, oxidises sorbose into 2-ketogluconic acid (2-KGA), which can then undergo ring-closing lactonization via dehydration. This method is used in the predominant process used by the ascorbic acid industry in China, which supplies 80% of world... | Chemistry of ascorbic acid | [
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the ascorbic acid has reacted, the iodine is then in excess, forming a blue-black complex with the starch indicator. This indicates the end-point of the titration.
As an alternative, ascorbic acid can be treated with iodine in excess, followed by back titration with sodium thiosulfate using starch as an indicator.
Thi... | Chemistry of ascorbic acid | [
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on the x-ray structure
Category:Organic acids
Category:Antioxidants
Category:Dietary antioxidants
Category:Coenzymes
Category:Corrosion inhibitors
Category:Furanones
Category:Vitamers
Category:Vitamin C
Category:Biomolecules
Category:3-Hydroxypropenals | Chemistry of ascorbic acid | [
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0.14194284379... |
AMOS BASIC is a dialect of the BASIC programming language for the Amiga computer. Following on from the successful STOS BASIC for the Atari ST, AMOS BASIC was written for the Amiga by François Lionet with Constantin Sotiropoulos and published by Europress Software in 1990.
== History ==
AMOS competed on the Amiga platf... | AMOS (programming language) | [
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-0.3617570698... |
Animation Language (AMAL), a compiled sprite scripting language which runs independently of the main AMOS BASIC program. It was also possible to control screen and "rainbow" effects using AMAL scripts. AMAL scripts in effect created CopperLists, small routines executed by the Amiga's Agnus chip.
After the original vers... | AMOS (programming language) | [
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popularity along with the Amiga computer for which it was written. Despite this, a small community of enthusiasts are still using it. The source code to AMOS was released around 2001 under a BSD style license by Clickteam, a company that includes the original programmer.Amos & Stos » Main Download on clickteam.com (arc... | AMOS (programming language) | [
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for AMOS - Archived version 22 Sep 2015)
* History of STOS and AMOS: how they came to be published in the UK
* Amos Professional group on Facebook (one of the members is AMOS' original developer François Lionet)
Category:BASIC programming language family
Category:Video game development software
Category:Amiga developme... | AMOS (programming language) | [
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In abstract algebra, an alternative algebra is an algebra in which multiplication need not be associative, only alternative. That is, one must have
*x(xy) = (xx)y
*(yx)x = y(xx)
for all x and y in the algebra.
Every associative algebra is obviously alternative, but so too are some strictly non-associative algebras such... | Alternative algebra | [
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x(yx).
is alternative and therefore satisfies all three identities.
An alternating associator is always totally skew-symmetric. That is,
:[x_{\sigma(1)}, x_{\sigma(2)}, x_{\sigma(3)}] = \sgn(\sigma)[x_1,x_2,x_3]
for any permutation \sigma. The converse holds so long as the characteristic of the base field is not 2.
==E... | Alternative algebra | [
-0.12755511701107025,
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0.30827489495277405,
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algebra.
In a unital alternative algebra, multiplicative inverses are unique whenever they exist. Moreover, for any invertible element x and all y one has
:y = x^{-1}(xy).
This is equivalent to saying the associator [x^{-1},x,y] vanishes for all such x and y. If x and y are invertible then xy is also invertible with in... | Alternative algebra | [
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a^* such that a + a* and aa* are on the line spanned by e for all a in A. Use the notation n(a) = aa*. Then if n is a non-singular mapping into the field of A, and A is alternative, then (A,n) is a composition algebra.
== See also ==
* Algebra over a field
* Maltsev algebra
* Zorn ring
==References==
*
*
==External li... | Alternative algebra | [
0.08994734287261963,
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Communications in Belgium are extensive and advanced. Belgium possesses the infrastructure for both mobile and land-based telecom, as well as having significant television, radio and internet infrastructure. The country code for Belgium is BE.
==Services==
===Mail===
Mail regulation is a national competency. Postal ser... | Telecommunications in Belgium | [
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0.0402414761483669... |
in use in 1997.
The majority state-owned public telephone company of Belgium is Proximus. Some other or private operators exist, as Scarlet (Proximus) and Base (KPN).
====Mobile telephones====
Mobile telephone ownership has increased by nearly one thousand percent in the period 1997–2007, from 974,494 to 10.23 million.... | Telecommunications in Belgium | [
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triple play formula. All other companies offer also fixed telephony in a duo play formula.
=====Cable Internet Providers=====
Belgium has three major fiberglass cable internet providers:
* Numéricable for the Brussels region (Ypso Holding)
* Telenet for the Flanders and Brussels regions (Liberty Global)
* VOO for the W... | Telecommunications in Belgium | [
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0.5539356470108032,
0.2444734424352646,
0.022764595225453377,
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0.630219042301178,
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-0.040792956948280334,
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-0.22698710858821... |
- Internet Service Providers Association of Belgium
* DNS - Domain Name System Belgium
* MAVISE - Belgian TV market
* Agoria - Federation of Belgian IT Employers
* Beltug - Federation of Belgian ICT Professionals
* UPP - Union of Belgian Periodical Press Publishers
* Febelma - Belgian Federation of Magazines
* VRM - Fl... | Telecommunications in Belgium | [
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0.03829452767968178,
0.3163551092147827,
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0.17177729308605194,
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Telecommunications in Botswana include newspapers, radio, television, fixed and mobile telephones, and the Internet.
In addition to the government-owned newspaper and national radio network, there is an active, independent press (six weekly newspapers). Foreign publications are sold without restriction in Botswana. Two... | Telecommunications in Botswana | [
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0.1082400307059288,
0.06726353615522385,
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0.20717169344425201,
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0.3513718545436859,
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general assessment: Botswana is participating in regional development efforts; expanding fully digital system with fiber-optic cables linking the major population centers in the east as well as a system of open-wire lines, microwave radio relays links, and radiotelephone communication stations (2011);
* domestic: fixed... | Telecommunications in Botswana | [
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0.44584769010543823,
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0.08642259240150452,
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-0.1152452826499939,
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world (2012);Calculated using penetration rate and population data from "Countries and Areas Ranked by Population: 2012" , Population data, International Programs, U.S. Census Bureau, retrieved 26 June 2013"Percentage of Individuals using the Internet 2000-2012", International Telecommunications Union (Geneva), June 2... | Telecommunications in Botswana | [
0.36269742250442505,
0.2858812212944031,
0.17116644978523254,
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0.2802351415157318,
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0.23350180685520172,
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introduced in the following areas:
Gaborone, Tlkokweng, Mogoditsane, Phakalane, Francistown, Lobatse, Palapye, Maun, Kasane, Selibe-Phikwe, Letlhakane, Jwaneng, and Orapa.
==See also==
* Botswana
* Botswana TV
* Media of Botswana
* Internet in Botswana
* Botswana Internet Exchange
* Telephone numbers in Botswana
*Botsw... | Telecommunications in Botswana | [
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0.2958735227584839,
0.167933389544487,
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0.4017390310764313,
0.14146791398525238,
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... |
Country Code: +1284
International Call Prefix: 011 (outside NANP)
Calls from the British Virgin Islands to the US, Canada, and other NANP Caribbean nations, are dialled as 1 + NANP area code + 7-digit number. Calls from the British Virgin Islands to non-NANP countries are dialled as 011 + country code + phone number wi... | Telecommunications in the British Virgin Islands | [
0.05233900249004364,
0.012157176621258259,
0.7705061435699463,
0.06720143556594849,
0.11389092355966568,
0.01507034245878458,
0.16505658626556396,
0.24178418517112732,
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0.5515963435173035,
-0.3073298931121826,
0.181104376912117,
-0.37970244884490967,
-0.4136089086532593... |
Wireless (West Indies) Limited Telephones Act, 1975 (Cap 168) on telephone and other electronic communications services. However, in the 1990s, a local company called CCT Boatphone, which had previously provided radio boatphones to tourists on charter boats, expanded into cellular (mobile) telecommunications for land-... | Telecommunications in the British Virgin Islands | [
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0.09832096844911575,
0.15564672648906708,
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0.22864118218421936,
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new entrants into the fixed line industry, the government issued three licences under the new regime to cellular telephone service providers. The existing provider, CCT Boatphone, obtained one licence. Bmobile, the cellular arm of Cable & Wireless, obtained a second. The third licence was obtained by BVI Cable TV, a... | Telecommunications in the British Virgin Islands | [
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as an interested party. High Court Judge Rita Joseph-Olivetti found in favour of Digicel and quashed the original decision.BVI Platinum News, 25 May 2007 Digicel commenced separate proceedings against Cable and Wireless (as bmobile's parent company) in the English courts, claiming that Cable & Wireless has unfairly st... | Telecommunications in the British Virgin Islands | [
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0.9438952803611755,
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0.17717981338500977,
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Telecommunications in Bulgaria include radio, television, fixed and mobile telephones, and the Internet.
==Radio and television==
* Radio broadcast stations: AM 31, FM 63, shortwave 2 (2001).
* Radio broadcast hours: 525,511 (2003).
* Television broadcast stations: 39 (2001).
* Television broadcast hours: 498,091 (2003... | Telecommunications in Bulgaria | [
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Atlantic and Indian Ocean regions) (2007).
==Internet==
* Top-level domains: .bg"Communications: Bulgaria", World Factbook, U.S. Central Intelligence Agency, 28 January 2014. Retrieved 1 February 2014. and .бг (proposed, Cyrillic).
* Internet users:
** 4.1 million users (2016)
** 3.9 million users, 72nd in the world;... | Telecommunications in Bulgaria | [
0.23840327560901642,
0.04978134483098984,
0.5729069113731384,
0.15288661420345306,
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0.04552477598... |
total, 589.7 addresses per 1000 people, 51st in the world (2012).Select Formats , Country IP Blocks. Accessed on 2 April 2012. Note: Site is said to be updated daily.Population, The World Factbook, United States Central Intelligence Agency. Accessed on 2 April 2012. Note: Data are mostly for 1 July 2012.
==See also==
*... | Telecommunications in Bulgaria | [
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Telecommunications in Burkina Faso include radio, television, fixed and mobile telephones, and the Internet.
The telephony market in Burkina Faso is still relatively underdeveloped.
Although mobile penetration is just over 100%, it is still below the African average. Fixed-line telephony and internet connections are ve... | Telecommunications in Burkina Faso | [
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inhabitants in 2013.
==Regulation and control==
The constitution and law provide for freedom of speech and of the press, and the government generally respects these rights in practice.
All media are under the administrative and technical supervision of the Ministry of Communications, which is responsible for developing... | Telecommunications in Burkina Faso | [
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Telecommunications Office (ONATEL), with an additional focus on a rural telephony promotion project. In 2006 the government sold a 51 percent stake in the national telephone company, ONATEL, and ultimately planned to retain only a 23 percent stake in the company.
==Radio and television==
* Radio stations: 2 AM, 26 FM, ... | Telecommunications in Burkina Faso | [
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E.164 (11/2010)), Annex to ITU Operational Bulletin No. 994-15.XII.2011, International Telecommunication Union (ITU, Geneva), 15 December 2011. Retrieved 2 January 2014.
* Main lines:
** 141,400 lines in use (2012);
** 94,800 lines in use, 144th in the world (2006).
* Mobile cellular:
** 10.0 million lines, 79th in... | Telecommunications in Burkina Faso | [
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even as density and coverage area increased.<BR>
Use of mobile phones grew quickly in the 2000s, growing from 2,700 subscribers in 1998, to 1.0 million in 2006, to 10.0 million in 2012. and to 21.4 million in 2020."DONNEES DU MARCHE NATIONAL DE LA TELEPHONIE MOBILE - 3ème Trimestre 2020", ARCEP, 31 Dec 2020, Retrieved... | Telecommunications in Burkina Faso | [
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Results", Globe Newswire, 20 July 2020, Retrieved 06 April 2021.<BR>
In January 2021, Maroc Telecom rebranded all of its African subsidiaries as Moov Africa."Maroc Telecom rebrands African subsidiaries as Moov Africa", Comms Update, 04 January 2021. Retrieved 06 April 2021.
In 2005 Celtel was acquired by the Kuwaiti... | Telecommunications in Burkina Faso | [
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9,086,709 subscriptions (42.24%)
* Télécel Faso S.A 2,946,469 subscriptions (13.70%)
==Internet==
* Top-level domain: .bf
* Internet users:
** 643,504 users, 127th in the world; 3.7% of the population, 194th in the world (2012);Calculated using penetration rate and population data from "Countries and Areas Rank... | Telecommunications in Burkina Faso | [
0.4630327820777893,
0.3230317533016205,
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0.25690990686416626,
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0.14121253788471... |
to be updated daily.Population, The World Factbook, United States Central Intelligence Agency. Accessed on 2 April 2012. Note: Data are mostly for 1 July 2012.
* Internet Service Providers: 1 ISP (1999).
Internet use is low, but the sector began to improve following installation of a 22 Mbit/s fiber optic international... | Telecommunications in Burkina Faso | [
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0.05092479661107063... |
a basic mobile phone) and mobile Internet subscriptions (up to seven times the cost for basic mobile) limit the number of Internet users.Study on international Internet connectivity in sub-Saharan Africa, Abossé Akue-Kpakpo, International Telecommunication Union (ITU), March 2013. Retrieved 11 February 2014.
===Interne... | Telecommunications in Burkina Faso | [
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cases of national security, however, the law permits surveillance, searches, and monitoring of telephones and private correspondence without a warrant.
==See also==
* Radio Télévision du Burkina, national broadcaster of Burkina Faso.
* Maroc Telecom, a 51% owner of ONATEL since December 2006.
* List of terrestrial fibr... | Telecommunications in Burkina Faso | [
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Baseball statistics play an important role in evaluating the progress of a player or team.
Since the flow of a baseball game has natural breaks to it, and normally players act individually rather than performing in clusters, the sport lends itself to easy record-keeping and statistics. Statistics have been kept for pro... | Baseball statistics | [
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However, the recent advent of sabermetrics has created statistics drawing from a greater breadth of player performance measures and playing field variables. Sabermetrics and comparative statistics attempt to provide an improved measure of a player's performance and contributions to his team from year to year, frequentl... | Baseball statistics | [
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these statistics may also be referred to as a "triple crown" winner. General managers and baseball scouts have long used the major statistics, among other factors and opinions, to understand player value. Managers, catchers and pitchers use the statistics of batters of opposing teams to develop pitching strategies and ... | Baseball statistics | [
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analyzing a pitcher's statistics, some useful categories include K/9IP (strikeouts per nine innings), K/BB (strikeouts per walk), HR/9 (home runs per nine innings), WHIP (walks plus hits per inning pitched), and OOPS (opponent on-base plus slugging).
However, since 2001, more emphasis has been placed on defense-indepen... | Baseball statistics | [
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0.07738710194826126,
0.48189985752105713,
0.12407048046588898,
-0.2532732... |
a fielding error
* 2B – Double: hits on which the batter reaches second base safely without the contribution of a fielding error
* 3B – Triple: hits on which the batter reaches third base safely without the contribution of a fielding error
* AB – At bat: plate appearances, not including bases on balls, being hit by pit... | Baseball statistics | [
-0.0860893502831459,
-0.0003081340400967747,
0.13272735476493835,
-0.014669831842184067,
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0.029727032408118248,
0.5114952921867371,
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-0.16876956820487976,
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0.3549789786338806,
-0.10100362449884415,
-0.361940... |
ball fly ball ratio: number of ground ball outs divided by number of fly ball outs
* GDP or GIDP – Ground into double play: number of ground balls hit that became double plays
* GPA – Gross production average: 1.8 times on-base percentage plus slugging percentage, divided by four
* GS – Grand slam: a home run with the ... | Baseball statistics | [
-0.2533925473690033,
-0.08016517758369446,
0.2215518057346344,
0.266427606344223,
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0.351014643907547,
-0.35352927446365356,
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0.0706631988286972,
0.40564507246017456,
0.050464555621147156,
-0.401036769151687... |
ability to hit for extra bases, calculated by subtracting batting average from slugging percentage
* K – Strike out (also abbreviated SO): number of times that a third strike is taken or swung at and missed, or bunted foul. Catcher must catch the third strike or batter may attempt to run to first base.
* LOB – Left on ... | Baseball statistics | [
-0.23922455310821533,
0.06894973665475845,
0.2888360917568207,
0.04190316051244736,
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0.3377733528614044,
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-0.25268980... |
when the batter grounded into a double play or reached on an error
* RISP – Runner in scoring position: a breakdown of a batter's batting average with runners in scoring position, which includes runners at second or third base
* SF – Sacrifice fly: fly balls hit to the outfield which, although caught for an out, allow ... | Baseball statistics | [
0.029671622440218925,
-0.021712005138397217,
0.012501383200287819,
0.18309937417507172,
-0.010974334552884102,
-0.022077243775129318,
0.4585933983325958,
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0.2370704561471939,
0.4429367482662201,
-0.12376609444618225,
-0.236112... |
BB + HBP)
* XBH – Extra base hits: total hits greater than singles (2B + 3B + HR)
===Baserunning statistics===
* SB – Stolen base: number of bases advanced by the runner while the ball is in the possession of the defense
** CS – Caught stealing: times tagged out while attempting to steal a base
** SBA or ATT – Stolen b... | Baseball statistics | [
-0.1112077534198761,
-0.0643722340464592,
0.10329978913068771,
0.06844035536050797,
-0.056181859225034714,
0.07724551856517792,
0.3925122916698456,
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0.3264136016368866,
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-0.402718335... |
by innings pitched
* BF – Total batters faced: opponent team's total plate appearances
* BK – Balk: number of times pitcher commits an illegal pitching action while in contact with the pitching rubber as judged by umpire, resulting in baserunners advancing one base
* BS – Blown save: number of times entering the game i... | Baseball statistics | [
-0.47577348351478577,
-0.04468265548348427,
0.0691668689250946,
0.20451530814170837,
-0.021138278767466545,
0.1489463597536087,
0.32940173149108887,
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-0.019008778035640717,
0.08477925509214401,
0.2816182076931,
0.07229796051979065,
-0.0278100278228... |
league average
* FIP – Fielding independent pitching: a metric, scaled to resemble an ERA, that focuses on events within the pitcher's control – home runs, walks, and strikeouts – but also uses in its denominator the number of outs the team gets (see IP), which is not entirely within the pitcher's control.
** xFIP: Thi... | Baseball statistics | [
-0.39449918270111084,
-0.26650720834732056,
0.17113488912582397,
0.28497177362442017,
-0.28369081020355225,
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0.17078088223934174,
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-0.28437966108322144,
-0.15910527110099792,
0.4221625328063965,
0.09086227416992188,
-0.440158... |
innings pitched (also known as H/9IP)
* HB – Hit batsman: times hit a batter with pitch, allowing runner to advance to first base
* HLD (or H) – Hold: number of games entered in a save situation, recorded at least one out, did not surrender the lead, and did not complete the game
* HR (or HRA) – Home runs allowed: tota... | Baseball statistics | [
-0.43399274349212646,
-0.059695687144994736,
-0.06662514805793762,
0.15709827840328217,
0.046999916434288025,
0.16573825478553772,
0.06459534913301468,
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0.3003486394882202,
0.10069265961647034,
-0.023381... |
was pitching while the opposing team took the lead, never lost the lead, and went on to win
* LOB% – Left-on-base percentage: LOB% represents the percentage of baserunners a pitcher does not allow to score. LOB% tends to regress toward 70–72% over time, so unusually high or low percentages could indicate that pitcher's... | Baseball statistics | [
-0.3905126750469208,
-0.16842350363731384,
0.07388857752084732,
0.10430849343538284,
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0.06685783714056015,
0.37337249517440796,
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0.4524080455303192,
0.16478727757930756,
-0.214863106... |
RA – Run average: number of runs allowed times nine divided by innings pitched
* SHO – Shutout: number of complete games pitched with no runs allowed
*SIERA – Skill-Interactive Earned Run Average: another advanced stat that measures pitching. SIERA builds on FIP and xFIP by taking a deeper look at what makes pitchers b... | Baseball statistics | [
-0.5227963924407959,
-0.11172005534172058,
-0.041766416281461716,
0.12666206061840057,
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0.30484020709991455,
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0.5418488383293152,
0.13865941762924194,
-0.1365319... |
to win, also the starter needs to pitch at least 5 innings of work (also related: winning percentage)
* W + S – Wins in relief + saves.
* whiff rate: a term, usually used in reference to pitchers, that divides the number of pitches swung at and missed by the total number of swings in a given sample. If a pitcher throws... | Baseball statistics | [
-0.06320994347333908,
-0.15412656962871552,
0.02372458204627037,
0.0916849672794342,
-0.192448228597641,
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0.5732740759849548,
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0.3729347288608551,
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-0.18492875993... |
a play he should have made with common effort, and the offense benefits as a result
* FP – Fielding percentage: total plays (chances minus errors) divided by the number of total chances
* INN – Innings: number of innings that a player is at one certain position
* PB – Passed ball: charged to the catcher when the ball i... | Baseball statistics | [
-0.0663921907544136,
-0.07958617061376572,
0.23207327723503113,
0.09913169592618942,
0.12088796496391296,
0.11580606549978256,
0.1341124325990677,
-0.30080899596214294,
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-0.33142051100730896,
-0.015613911673426628,
0.4819065034389496,
0.028370169922709465,
-0.353841334... |
gauges a player's overall contribution to his team's wins
* WAR – Wins above replacement: a non-standard formula to calculate the number of wins a player contributes to his team over a "replacement-level player"
* PWA - Player Win Average: performance of players is shown by how much they increase or decrease their team... | Baseball statistics | [
-0.42534464597702026,
-0.023289646953344345,
0.21152541041374207,
0.035485465079545975,
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0.04945068433880806,
0.2716527283191681,
0.130812868475914,
0.06126856... |
alphabetical order. For each statistic, two values are given:
*Top5: the top five players bettered this value in all of the reported seasons
*Best: this is the best of all of the players for all of the reported seasons
{| border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"
|- valign="top"
|
{| class="wikitable" style="text-alig... | Baseball statistics | [
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New York: Copernicus Books, 2001. . A book on new statistics for baseball. MLB Record Book by: MLB.com
*Alan Schwarz, The Numbers Game: Baseball's Lifelong Fascination with Statistics (New York: St. Martin's, 2005). .
*The Official Site of Major League baseball – Baseball Basics: Abbreviations
== External links==
* Bas... | Baseball statistics | [
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In computer science, binary search, also known as half-interval search, logarithmic search, or binary chop, is a search algorithm that finds the position of a target value within a sorted array. Binary search compares the target value to the middle element of the array. If they are not equal, the half in which the targ... | Binary search algorithm | [
-0.6814024448394775,
-0.2538676857948303,
-0.09635018557310104,
-0.2813609540462494,
0.32224738597869873,
0.48364078998565674,
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0.18777520954608917,
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-0.25205883383750916,
-0.5795243382453918,
0.11420353502035141,
-0.2572360932826996,
-0.1511705964... |
the target even if it is absent from the array.
There are numerous variations of binary search. In particular, fractional cascading speeds up binary searches for the same value in multiple arrays. Fractional cascading efficiently solves a number of search problems in computational geometry and in numerous other fields.... | Binary search algorithm | [
-0.47096118330955505,
-0.21170634031295776,
0.309634268283844,
-0.23353932797908783,
0.19390977919101715,
0.422399640083313,
-0.43869468569755554,
-0.10276488959789276,
-0.2752441465854645,
-0.1410447210073471,
-0.4723300635814667,
0.20940536260604858,
-0.27577298879623413,
-0.176357254385... |
index of T in A.
# Set L to 0 and R to n-1.
# If L>R, the search terminates as unsuccessful.
# Set m (the position of the middle element) to the floor of \frac{L+R}{2}, which is the greatest integer less than or equal to \frac{L+R}{2}.
# If A_m < T, set L to m+1 and go to step 2.
# If A_m > T, set R to m-1 and go to s... | Binary search algorithm | [
-0.6569662690162659,
0.09803477674722672,
0.33448028564453125,
-0.16860933601856232,
0.5570698976516724,
0.41042253375053406,
0.07627555727958679,
-0.24061475694179535,
-0.2697409689426422,
-0.007749553304165602,
-0.6028164029121399,
0.13901390135288239,
-0.37935563921928406,
-0.0460318811... |
L := m + 1
else if A[m] > T then
R := m − 1
else:
return m
return unsuccessful
Alternatively, the algorithm may take the ceiling of \frac{L+R}{2}. This may change the result if the target value appears more than once in the array.
==== Alternative procedure ====
In the a... | Binary search algorithm | [
-0.5838044285774231,
0.13380390405654907,
0.13754408061504364,
-0.38220614194869995,
0.22199508547782898,
0.4790475368499756,
-0.0009794060606509447,
-0.35472372174263,
-0.2292630672454834,
-0.1302139163017273,
-0.4089098572731018,
0.19384099543094635,
-0.5952496528625488,
-0.1803464889526... |
Set m (the position of the middle element) to the ceiling of \frac{L+R}{2}, which is the least integer greater than or equal to \frac{L+R}{2}.
## If A_m > T, set R to m-1.
## Else, A_m \leq T; set L to m.
# Now L=R, the search is done. If A_L=T, return L. Otherwise, the search terminates as unsuccessful.
Where ceil is ... | Binary search algorithm | [
-0.48091933131217957,
0.12562993168830872,
0.4067258834838867,
-0.12668578326702118,
0.4839951694011688,
0.37682628631591797,
-0.03805947303771973,
-0.27089574933052063,
-0.29437530040740967,
-0.15062838792800903,
-0.6308040022850037,
0.13688065111637115,
-0.4401707649230957,
0.00207482813... |
element is equal to the target value, even if there are duplicate elements in the array. For example, if the array to be searched was [1,2,3,4,4,5,6,7] and the target was 4, then it would be correct for the algorithm to either return the 4th (index 3) or 5th (index 4) element. The regular procedure would return the 4th... | Binary search algorithm | [
-0.5824019908905029,
0.08504118025302887,
0.25858232378959656,
0.0006969264941290021,
0.45053595304489136,
0.6457878947257996,
-0.09931377321481705,
-0.21600718796253204,
-0.4587349593639374,
0.2173406183719635,
-0.1903456151485443,
0.3340162932872772,
-0.39535999298095703,
-0.055158477276... |
equal to \frac{L+R}{2}.
## If A_m < T, set L to m+1.
## Else, A_m \geq T; set R to m.
# Return L.
If L < n and A_L = T, then A_L is the leftmost element that equals T. Even if T is not in the array, L is the rank of T in the array, or the number of elements in the array that are less than T.
Where floor is the floor fu... | Binary search algorithm | [
-0.5077707767486572,
-0.015143673866987228,
0.3100217282772064,
-0.11852776259183884,
0.39779919385910034,
0.30682340264320374,
-0.30005085468292236,
-0.2505052089691162,
-0.4699840843677521,
-0.20376743376255035,
-0.37162065505981445,
0.0970076322555542,
-0.4318448603153229,
-0.1900544762... |
and R to n.
# While L < R,
## Set m (the position of the middle element) to the floor of \frac{L+R}{2}, which is the greatest integer less than or equal to \frac{L+R}{2}.
## If A_m > T, set R to m.
## Else, A_m \leq T; set L to m+1.
# Return R - 1.
If R > 0 and A_{R-1}=T, then A_{R-1} is the rightmost element that equa... | Binary search algorithm | [
-0.6719915866851807,
0.08410859107971191,
0.2755676209926605,
-0.15993130207061768,
0.47602272033691406,
0.42160528898239136,
-0.21181277930736542,
-0.34949222207069397,
-0.3549957275390625,
-0.156366765499115,
-0.431747704744339,
0.18020963668823242,
-0.4338892102241516,
-0.25438648462295... |
1
=== Approximate matches ===
The above procedure only performs exact matches, finding the position of a target value. However, it is trivial to extend binary search to perform approximate matches because binary search operates on sorted arrays. For example, binary search can be used to compute, for a given value, its ... | Binary search algorithm | [
-0.6106263995170593,
0.062390610575675964,
0.2300591617822647,
-0.210800901055336,
0.2725179195404053,
0.40672796964645386,
-0.3181823790073395,
-0.13197745382785797,
-0.13188450038433075,
-0.22352029383182526,
-0.29179278016090393,
0.014113967306911945,
-0.3153257668018341,
-0.02906236052... |
equal to the first value and less than the second is the difference of the two ranks. This count can be adjusted up or down by one according to whether the endpoints of the range should be considered to be part of the range and whether the array contains entries matching those endpoints.
== Performance ==
In terms of t... | Binary search algorithm | [
-0.6095147132873535,
0.039636969566345215,
0.18526798486709595,
-0.163509801030159,
0.3639431297779083,
0.40019917488098145,
-0.24359796941280365,
-0.06780179589986801,
-0.086921826004982,
-0.11422310024499893,
-0.38434305787086487,
0.28580963611602783,
-0.18910455703735352,
-0.18584747612... |
and \log_2 is the binary logarithm. This is because the worst case is reached when the search reaches the deepest level of the tree, and there are always \lfloor \log_2 (n) + 1 \rfloor levels in the tree for any binary search.
The worst case may also be reached when the target element is not in the array. If n is one l... | Binary search algorithm | [
-0.5634471774101257,
-0.12766669690608978,
0.18976283073425293,
-0.12709087133407593,
0.5916436314582825,
0.4673503041267395,
0.09722977131605148,
-0.12913934886455536,
-0.2672252655029297,
-0.0030698070768266916,
-0.5327191948890686,
0.3113529682159424,
-0.3127664029598236,
-0.23897767066... |
1) iterations on average, assuming that the range between and outside elements is equally likely to be searched.
In the best case, where the target value is the middle element of the array, its position is returned after one iteration.
In terms of iterations, no search algorithm that works only by comparing elements ca... | Binary search algorithm | [
-0.5628939867019653,
-0.016277316957712173,
0.01671619899570942,
-0.1814771592617035,
0.19294703006744385,
0.5401359796524048,
-0.2615255117416382,
-0.25824567675590515,
-0.0908341109752655,
-0.35189688205718994,
-0.2874734401702881,
0.37936273217201233,
-0.22169968485832214,
-0.2521593272... |
of computation.
=== Derivation of average case ===
The average number of iterations performed by binary search depends on the probability of each element being searched. The average case is different for successful searches and unsuccessful searches. It will be assumed that each element is equally likely to be searched... | Binary search algorithm | [
-0.35464319586753845,
-0.1456441730260849,
0.04051930457353592,
-0.0020472670439630747,
0.45693889260292053,
0.5392930507659912,
0.024407407268881798,
0.005916750058531761,
-0.37908217310905457,
-0.3357381820678711,
-0.24083732068538666,
0.28440555930137634,
-0.3240801692008972,
-0.3542288... |
of the lengths of all unique internal paths. Since there is only one path from the root to any single node, each internal path represents a search for a specific element. If there are n elements, which is a positive integer, and the internal path length is I(n), then the average number of iterations for a successful se... | Binary search algorithm | [
-0.5633289217948914,
-0.051138199865818024,
0.11180362850427628,
-0.1481776237487793,
0.5253545045852661,
0.752193808555603,
0.16673333942890167,
-0.1384408324956894,
-0.2781693935394287,
-0.12617409229278564,
-0.4203712046146393,
0.38772425055503845,
-0.3207712769508362,
-0.34033435583114... |
(n + 1)\left \lfloor \log_2(n + 1) \right \rfloor - 2^{\left \lfloor \log_2(n+1) \right \rfloor + 1} + 2
Substituting the equation for I(n) into the equation for T(n):
T(n) = 1 + \frac{(n + 1)\left \lfloor \log_2(n + 1) \right \rfloor - 2^{\left \lfloor \log_2(n+1) \right \rfloor + 1} + 2}{n} = \lfloor \log_2 (n) \rflo... | Binary search algorithm | [
-0.4562648832798004,
-0.017085634171962738,
0.17101044952869415,
-0.04576829820871353,
0.7086097002029419,
0.5452877879142761,
0.032425034791231155,
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-0.028581127524375916,
-0.5381243228912354,
0.32526037096977234,
-0.35761693120002747,
-0.14110828... |
there are n elements, which is a positive integer, and the external path length is E(n), then the average number of iterations for an unsuccessful search T'(n)=\frac{E(n)}{n+1}, with the one iteration added to count the initial iteration. The external path length is divided by n+1 instead of n because there are n+1 ext... | Binary search algorithm | [
-0.5380787253379822,
0.047589972615242004,
0.11886318773031235,
-0.118904247879982,
0.6337705850601196,
0.6624489426612854,
0.21517759561538696,
-0.23234106600284576,
-0.2708382308483124,
-0.018403083086013794,
-0.5493200421333313,
0.4862261414527893,
-0.3838483989238739,
-0.35625758767127... |
Performance of alternative procedure ====
Each iteration of the binary search procedure defined above makes one or two comparisons, checking if the middle element is equal to the target in each iteration. Assuming that each element is equally likely to be searched, each iteration makes 1.5 comparisons on average. A var... | Binary search algorithm | [
-0.3584083318710327,
0.02341536432504654,
0.09600693732500076,
-0.13586947321891785,
0.3932972550392151,
0.4059670567512512,
-0.006928877905011177,
-0.4063003659248352,
-0.13511627912521362,
-0.316712349653244,
-0.22371624410152435,
0.3842718005180359,
-0.2693108320236206,
-0.3486839234828... |
integers would require comparing up to double the bits as comparing a pair of 32-bit unsigned integers. The worst case is achieved when the integers are equal. This can be significant when the encoding lengths of the elements are large, such as with large integer types or long strings, which makes comparing elements ex... | Binary search algorithm | [
-0.5851327776908875,
0.18300800025463104,
0.05952407419681549,
-0.030618950724601746,
0.30142074823379517,
0.29745641350746155,
-0.10923983156681061,
-0.11074687540531158,
-0.04318737983703613,
-0.3451671898365021,
-0.27601251006126404,
0.35575127601623535,
-0.260561466217041,
-0.117631718... |
hash tables) which access elements in sequence. This adds slightly to the running time of binary search for large arrays on most systems.
== Binary search versus other schemes ==
Sorted arrays with binary search are a very inefficient solution when insertion and deletion operations are interleaved with retrieval, takin... | Binary search algorithm | [
-0.32760322093963623,
0.06379855424165726,
0.14295965433120728,
-0.19885118305683136,
0.2308579832315445,
0.1309293508529663,
-0.2946363091468811,
-0.11901859939098358,
-0.24174995720386505,
-0.12054352462291718,
-0.32549041509628296,
0.1737665981054306,
-0.48582595586776733,
-0.1677004843... |
linked list, which allows for faster insertion and deletion than an array. Binary search is faster than linear search for sorted arrays except if the array is short, although the array needs to be sorted beforehand. All sorting algorithms based on comparing elements, such as quicksort and merge sort, require at least O... | Binary search algorithm | [
-0.6803603172302246,
0.03494314104318619,
0.06775082647800446,
-0.2434869259595871,
0.1983414888381958,
0.4038979411125183,
-0.23501615226268768,
0.0001257521944353357,
-0.349159300327301,
-0.34896376729011536,
-0.45603662729263306,
0.226161390542984,
-0.5289574861526489,
-0.08273752033710... |
usually more efficient for searching as binary search trees will most likely be imperfectly balanced, resulting in slightly worse performance than binary search. This even applies to balanced binary search trees, binary search trees that balance their own nodes, because they rarely produce the tree with the fewest poss... | Binary search algorithm | [
-0.3956630527973175,
0.15915891528129578,
0.07969018071889877,
-0.21947914361953735,
0.2921273708343506,
0.13610610365867615,
-0.24337075650691986,
-0.14464980363845825,
-0.22476282715797424,
-0.30434972047805786,
-0.5177590847015381,
0.4141939580440521,
-0.34814727306365967,
-0.2399882674... |
failed search is that the target is not present in any record. Binary search is ideal for such matches, performing them in logarithmic time. Binary search also supports approximate matches. Some operations, like finding the smallest and largest element, can be done efficiently on sorted arrays but not on hash tables.
=... | Binary search algorithm | [
-0.4452923536300659,
-0.24271294474601746,
0.08279227465391159,
-0.15517359972000122,
0.1313377320766449,
0.17280641198158264,
-0.28393176198005676,
-0.2722615599632263,
-0.07618685066699982,
-0.2394675612449646,
-0.46551769971847534,
0.279208242893219,
-0.5514050722122192,
-0.187468245625... |
from false positives.
=== Other data structures ===
There exist data structures that may improve on binary search in some cases for both searching and other operations available for sorted arrays. For example, searches, approximate matches, and the operations available to sorted arrays can be performed more efficiently... | Binary search algorithm | [
-0.5109424591064453,
-0.15540720522403717,
0.04831993579864502,
-0.08961176872253418,
0.21542704105377197,
0.30246907472610474,
-0.05867636948823929,
-0.2616610527038574,
-0.3210456073284149,
-0.21626229584217072,
-0.3558551073074341,
0.26017001271247864,
-0.36991772055625916,
-0.176116541... |
the array to be searched is , the middle element (m) would be . In this case, the middle element of the left subarray () is and the middle element of the right subarray () is . Uniform binary search would store the value of as both indices differ from by this same amount. To reduce the search space, the algorithm ei... | Binary search algorithm | [
-0.5562387108802795,
-0.3194952607154846,
0.3555762767791748,
-0.18981100618839264,
0.26890137791633606,
0.30900368094444275,
-0.4928022027015686,
-0.08514714986085892,
-0.05089728534221649,
-0.14981895685195923,
-0.45341840386390686,
0.3156922459602356,
-0.29589805006980896,
-0.3147089779... |
the beginning of the array.
=== Interpolation search ===
Instead of calculating the midpoint, interpolation search estimates the position of the target value, taking into account the lowest and highest elements in the array as well as length of the array. It works on the basis that the midpoint is not the best guess in... | Binary search algorithm | [
-0.4933907985687256,
-0.24054621160030365,
0.1197483241558075,
-0.17674380540847778,
0.25140514969825745,
0.515612781047821,
-0.4017719626426697,
-0.19204583764076233,
-0.03145496919751167,
-0.11314203590154648,
-0.33220523595809937,
0.085385762155056,
-0.3727491497993469,
-0.2329787909984... |
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