diff --git "a/FJCVSswFXyE.txt" "b/FJCVSswFXyE.txt"
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+++ "b/FJCVSswFXyE.txt"
@@ -0,0 +1,7067 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+to view additional materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+courseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu so uh Collective knowledge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu so uh Collective knowledge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu so uh Collective knowledge
+got us a bunch more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got us a bunch more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got us a bunch more
+points so these uh the rules for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points so these uh the rules for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points so these uh the rules for
+significant figures are on the back page
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant figures are on the back page
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant figures are on the back page
+of the handout from Friday and so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the handout from Friday and so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the handout from Friday and so we
+want to think about how many are after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to think about how many are after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to think about how many are after
+the decimal point here so there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the decimal point here so there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the decimal point here so there are
+three after the decimal point which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three after the decimal point which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three after the decimal point which
+gives you three here in your answer log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you three here in your answer log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you three here in your answer log
+significant figure rules yes so in acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant figure rules yes so in acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant figure rules yes so in acid
+base and some in chemical equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base and some in chemical equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base and some in chemical equilibrium
+which are all kind of the same thing you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are all kind of the same thing you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are all kind of the same thing you
+can have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have
+subtraction and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtraction and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtraction and
+addition then multiplication and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition then multiplication and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition then multiplication and
+division and then end your answer with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+division and then end your answer with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+division and then end your answer with
+logs three significant figure rules in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logs three significant figure rules in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logs three significant figure rules in
+one problem yes it's coming so uh want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one problem yes it's coming so uh want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one problem yes it's coming so uh want
+to get get those get those rules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get get those get those rules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get get those get those rules
+down okay so today we're going to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down okay so today we're going to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down okay so today we're going to talk
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+solubility and this is really a direct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solubility and this is really a direct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solubility and this is really a direct
+kind of uh growth out of thermodynamics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of uh growth out of thermodynamics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of uh growth out of thermodynamics
+and chemical equilibrium you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and chemical equilibrium you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and chemical equilibrium you're going to
+be seeing a lot of the same ideas in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be seeing a lot of the same ideas in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be seeing a lot of the same ideas in
+solubility and then at the end of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solubility and then at the end of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solubility and then at the end of the
+class we're going to start acid bases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class we're going to start acid bases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class we're going to start acid bases
+okay so so far we have been discussing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so far we have been discussing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so far we have been discussing
+mostly pure substances and that is all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly pure substances and that is all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly pure substances and that is all
+changing right now because most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing right now because most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing right now because most
+substances are actually mixtures so most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substances are actually mixtures so most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substances are actually mixtures so most
+of the time you have two things mixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the time you have two things mixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the time you have two things mixed
+together so so mixtures you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together so so mixtures you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together so so mixtures you have a
+homogeneous mixture of something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homogeneous mixture of something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homogeneous mixture of something
+something's dissolved in something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something's dissolved in something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something's dissolved in something
+else and and you have a or solution is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else and and you have a or solution is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else and and you have a or solution is a
+homogeneous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homogeneous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homogeneous
+mixture um and so in your solution you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixture um and so in your solution you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixture um and so in your solution you
+have a solvent which is the thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a solvent which is the thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a solvent which is the thing that
+is dissolving the other thing and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is dissolving the other thing and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is dissolving the other thing and the
+other thing is the solute so the solute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other thing is the solute so the solute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other thing is the solute so the solute
+is any dissolved substance in a solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is any dissolved substance in a solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is any dissolved substance in a solution
+and the solvent is the substance that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the solvent is the substance that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the solvent is the substance that
+does the dissolving and water is a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does the dissolving and water is a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does the dissolving and water is a great
+solvent one of the most common solvents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solvent one of the most common solvents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solvent one of the most common solvents
+is water so when you have your salute in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is water so when you have your salute in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is water so when you have your salute in
+your solvent and it's nicely dissolved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your solvent and it's nicely dissolved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your solvent and it's nicely dissolved
+then you have a solution so let's look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you have a solution so let's look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you have a solution so let's look
+at examples of things that dissolve in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at examples of things that dissolve in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at examples of things that dissolve in
+other things and first we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things and first we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things and first we're going to
+talk about NAC common table salt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about NAC common table salt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about NAC common table salt
+dissolving in water so NAC is held
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissolving in water so NAC is held
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissolving in water so NAC is held
+together by an ionic bond and it forms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together by an ionic bond and it forms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together by an ionic bond and it forms
+crystals where we have these beautiful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystals where we have these beautiful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystals where we have these beautiful
+arrangement of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrangement of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrangement of our
+sodium plus and our CL
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sodium plus and our CL
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sodium plus and our CL
+minus and a polar solvent like water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus and a polar solvent like water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus and a polar solvent like water
+will what's called hydrate the ions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will what's called hydrate the ions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will what's called hydrate the ions and
+pry them away from the surface so if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pry them away from the surface so if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pry them away from the surface so if we
+look at this picture and we have our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this picture and we have our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this picture and we have our
+sodium and our chlorides around it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sodium and our chlorides around it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sodium and our chlorides around it in
+our salt crystal we have water which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our salt crystal we have water which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our salt crystal we have water which is
+red with those two little white dots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red with those two little white dots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red with those two little white dots
+which are the hydrogens on the water and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are the hydrogens on the water and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are the hydrogens on the water and
+so we have our bent uh geometry for our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have our bent uh geometry for our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have our bent uh geometry for our
+polar water molecule and the water is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polar water molecule and the water is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polar water molecule and the water is
+coming in and it's hydrating the ions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming in and it's hydrating the ions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming in and it's hydrating the ions
+and so here you see the edge of the salt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so here you see the edge of the salt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so here you see the edge of the salt
+crystal and now the water is kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystal and now the water is kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystal and now the water is kind of
+pulling one of the the ions apart and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulling one of the the ions apart and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulling one of the the ions apart and
+here you see the ions are coming out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you see the ions are coming out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you see the ions are coming out of
+the salt crystal and dissolving in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the salt crystal and dissolving in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the salt crystal and dissolving in your
+solution so a polar uh solvent like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution so a polar uh solvent like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution so a polar uh solvent like
+water can just pry that uh Crystal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water can just pry that uh Crystal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water can just pry that uh Crystal
+apart so stirring can speed up this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apart so stirring can speed up this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apart so stirring can speed up this
+process it doesn't often change uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process it doesn't often change uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process it doesn't often change uh the
+properties it doesn't make things more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties it doesn't make things more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties it doesn't make things more
+soluble but it'll speed it up because if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soluble but it'll speed it up because if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soluble but it'll speed it up because if
+you stir it you're going to get more of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you stir it you're going to get more of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you stir it you're going to get more of
+that water having access to the edges of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that water having access to the edges of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that water having access to the edges of
+the salt crystals and helping to to pry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the salt crystals and helping to to pry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the salt crystals and helping to to pry
+apart um and hydrate those ions so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apart um and hydrate those ions so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apart um and hydrate those ions so that
+they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they
+solubilize we have uh an equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solubilize we have uh an equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solubilize we have uh an equilibrium
+expression for solubility so we're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression for solubility so we're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression for solubility so we're just
+following right along with chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following right along with chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following right along with chemical
+equilibrium and so we have our solid NAC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium and so we have our solid NAC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium and so we have our solid NAC
+going to our hydrated ions are our na+
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to our hydrated ions are our na+
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to our hydrated ions are our na+
+that was pulled out by water and our CL
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was pulled out by water and our CL
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was pulled out by water and our CL
+minus and this in here it says aous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus and this in here it says aous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus and this in here it says aous
+abbreviation from aquous so we have our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abbreviation from aquous so we have our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abbreviation from aquous so we have our
+dissolved ions that's how we would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissolved ions that's how we would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissolved ions that's how we would
+interpret that and S here is for um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpret that and S here is for um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpret that and S here is for um
+solid so we've also not paid much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid so we've also not paid much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid so we've also not paid much
+attention to phase of things at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention to phase of things at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention to phase of things at this
+point a little bit when we were talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point a little bit when we were talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point a little bit when we were talking
+about increasing entropy we're talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about increasing entropy we're talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about increasing entropy we're talking
+about gases going to liquids and solids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about gases going to liquids and solids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about gases going to liquids and solids
+and vice versa and predicting the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and vice versa and predicting the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and vice versa and predicting the uh
+change in in uh entropy for those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in in uh entropy for those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in in uh entropy for those
+processes but now we're going to spend a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes but now we're going to spend a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes but now we're going to spend a
+lot of time paying attention to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of time paying attention to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of time paying attention to the
+phase um and so solubility something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase um and so solubility something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase um and so solubility something
+solid going to its aquous ions so we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid going to its aquous ions so we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid going to its aquous ions so we can
+write an equilibrium expression for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write an equilibrium expression for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write an equilibrium expression for this
+and it has a special name KSP where SP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it has a special name KSP where SP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it has a special name KSP where SP
+stands for solubility product and so KSP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stands for solubility product and so KSP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stands for solubility product and so KSP
+would be equal to the concentration of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be equal to the concentration of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be equal to the concentration of
+sodium ions and the concentration of CHL
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sodium ions and the concentration of CHL
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sodium ions and the concentration of CHL
+times the concentration of chloride ions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the concentration of chloride ions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the concentration of chloride ions
+and so and equilibrium constants are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so and equilibrium constants are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so and equilibrium constants are
+products over reactants we don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products over reactants we don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products over reactants we don't have
+our reactant in this equation because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our reactant in this equation because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our reactant in this equation because it
+is a solid so it doesn't appear um in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a solid so it doesn't appear um in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a solid so it doesn't appear um in
+the equilibrium expression so our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equilibrium expression so our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equilibrium expression so our
+equilibrium expression which here has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium expression which here has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium expression which here has
+the SE special name of KSP um is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the SE special name of KSP um is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the SE special name of KSP um is just
+those ions in solution the concentration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those ions in solution the concentration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those ions in solution the concentration
+of each ion times each other all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of each ion times each other all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of each ion times each other all right
+so let's have a little practice with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's have a little practice with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's have a little practice with
+writing KSP P's and so we have a clicker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing KSP P's and so we have a clicker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing KSP P's and so we have a clicker
+question on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that all right 10 more seconds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+great yep so again we don't want to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great yep so again we don't want to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great yep so again we don't want to have
+the solid in the expression and we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solid in the expression and we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solid in the expression and we need
+to remember the stochiometry always need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to remember the stochiometry always need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to remember the stochiometry always need
+to remember the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to remember the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to remember the
+stochiometry okay so their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stochiometry okay so their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stochiometry okay so their
+solubility uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solubility uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solubility uh
+product okay so now let's think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product okay so now let's think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product okay so now let's think about
+something that is not ionic let's think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that is not ionic let's think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that is not ionic let's think
+about glucose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about glucose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about glucose
+we've talked a lot about glucose let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've talked a lot about glucose let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've talked a lot about glucose let's
+think about glucose dissolving in water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about glucose dissolving in water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about glucose dissolving in water
+and here I have a picture of two beakers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here I have a picture of two beakers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here I have a picture of two beakers
+a beaker where it's clear and a beaker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a beaker where it's clear and a beaker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a beaker where it's clear and a beaker
+where there's a lot of glucose sitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where there's a lot of glucose sitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where there's a lot of glucose sitting
+on the bottom and so we can think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the bottom and so we can think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the bottom and so we can think about
+the solubility here so how can this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solubility here so how can this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solubility here so how can this
+dissolve it can't form ions it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissolve it can't form ions it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissolve it can't form ions it's not
+made up of ions like sodium chloride so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made up of ions like sodium chloride so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made up of ions like sodium chloride so
+how does it dissolve well it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how does it dissolve well it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how does it dissolve well it can
+dissolve again water molecules water is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissolve again water molecules water is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissolve again water molecules water is
+amazing water molecules form hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing water molecules form hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing water molecules form hydrogen
+bonds with the glucose and pull one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds with the glucose and pull one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds with the glucose and pull one of
+the glucose molecules that is at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the glucose molecules that is at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the glucose molecules that is at the
+edge of the solid piece of glucose pulls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge of the solid piece of glucose pulls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge of the solid piece of glucose pulls
+it out into Solution by hydrogen bonding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it out into Solution by hydrogen bonding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it out into Solution by hydrogen bonding
+to it so again it's solubilizing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to it so again it's solubilizing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to it so again it's solubilizing the
+glucose that's in this solid form by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose that's in this solid form by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose that's in this solid form by
+interacting at the surface and prying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interacting at the surface and prying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interacting at the surface and prying
+layers of glucose molecules off by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layers of glucose molecules off by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layers of glucose molecules off by
+hydrogen bonding to them luckily you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen bonding to them luckily you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen bonding to them luckily you
+know all about hydrogen bond so just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know all about hydrogen bond so just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know all about hydrogen bond so just to
+do a little clicker practice um why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a little clicker practice um why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a little clicker practice um why
+don't you tell me what kind of hydro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't you tell me what kind of hydro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't you tell me what kind of hydro
+bonds glucose is capable of forming if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds glucose is capable of forming if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds glucose is capable of forming if
+it is in fact capable of forming but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is in fact capable of forming but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is in fact capable of forming but I
+kind of gave away one of the answers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of gave away one of the answers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of gave away one of the answers
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+10 more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+seconds all right good zero put four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds all right good zero put four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds all right good zero put four
+that's awesome you were listening to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's awesome you were listening to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's awesome you were listening to
+what I was saying um yes so that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I was saying um yes so that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I was saying um yes so that is
+correct and uh if we uh look back at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct and uh if we uh look back at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct and uh if we uh look back at the
+molecule for a minute so it's a hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule for a minute so it's a hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule for a minute so it's a hydrogen
+bond donor because of these o groups all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond donor because of these o groups all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond donor because of these o groups all
+along here and so o there's an electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along here and so o there's an electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along here and so o there's an electron
+negativity difference of greater than 04
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negativity difference of greater than 04
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negativity difference of greater than 04
+so it's capable of being a hydrogen bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's capable of being a hydrogen bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's capable of being a hydrogen bond
+donor but this double bonded o here it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+donor but this double bonded o here it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+donor but this double bonded o here it's
+not a complete Lew structure it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a complete Lew structure it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a complete Lew structure it's
+missing its lone pairs but it has lone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missing its lone pairs but it has lone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missing its lone pairs but it has lone
+pairs on that oxygen and that could be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs on that oxygen and that could be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs on that oxygen and that could be a
+hydrogen bond acceptor so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen bond acceptor so we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen bond acceptor so we have
+hydrogen bond donors and hydrogen bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen bond donors and hydrogen bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen bond donors and hydrogen bond
+acceptors in this molecule and water can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceptors in this molecule and water can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceptors in this molecule and water can
+also be a hydrogen bond donor and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also be a hydrogen bond donor and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also be a hydrogen bond donor and
+acceptor it has two Hy two um hydrogens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceptor it has two Hy two um hydrogens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceptor it has two Hy two um hydrogens
+that can form hydrogen bond and also has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can form hydrogen bond and also has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can form hydrogen bond and also has
+two lone pairs which gives it its bent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two lone pairs which gives it its bent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two lone pairs which gives it its bent
+shape so it can be a donor and acceptor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape so it can be a donor and acceptor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape so it can be a donor and acceptor
+so it's capable of interacting with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's capable of interacting with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's capable of interacting with
+glucose and pulling that solid glucose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose and pulling that solid glucose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose and pulling that solid glucose
+into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into
+solution so if we look at these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution so if we look at these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution so if we look at these two
+pictures this could be glucose nicely in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures this could be glucose nicely in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures this could be glucose nicely in
+solution you can't see any glucose but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution you can't see any glucose but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution you can't see any glucose but
+here you see a level of glucose at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you see a level of glucose at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you see a level of glucose at the
+bottom and a solution is considered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom and a solution is considered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom and a solution is considered
+saturated when all of the solvent has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saturated when all of the solvent has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saturated when all of the solvent has
+dissolved as much as it can but a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissolved as much as it can but a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissolved as much as it can but a little
+bit of undissolved solute remains so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of undissolved solute remains so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of undissolved solute remains so
+this this is not really this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this is not really this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this is not really this is
+oversaturated um often it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oversaturated um often it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oversaturated um often it's just
+saturated when you have just a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saturated when you have just a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saturated when you have just a little
+bit more than can be dissolved you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more than can be dissolved you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more than can be dissolved you've
+gone past that point you can't get any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone past that point you can't get any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone past that point you can't get any
+more dissolved in that volume of water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more dissolved in that volume of water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more dissolved in that volume of water
+this has a pretty large excess so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this has a pretty large excess so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this has a pretty large excess so
+sometimes when you you get your solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes when you you get your solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes when you you get your solution
+you get your solution clear your um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get your solution clear your um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get your solution clear your um
+glucose has dissolved or whatever it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose has dissolved or whatever it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose has dissolved or whatever it is
+you're working on has dissolved and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're working on has dissolved and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're working on has dissolved and then
+you maybe add a little bit too much and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you maybe add a little bit too much and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you maybe add a little bit too much and
+it all crashes out a solution again you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it all crashes out a solution again you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it all crashes out a solution again you
+have the precipitant just coming out so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the precipitant just coming out so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the precipitant just coming out so
+undissolved solute another name for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undissolved solute another name for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undissolved solute another name for that
+the name that's used more often is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the name that's used more often is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the name that's used more often is
+precipitate so it precipitates out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precipitate so it precipitates out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precipitate so it precipitates out of
+solution if it has too much in it so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution if it has too much in it so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution if it has too much in it so if
+you are not part of the solution you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are not part of the solution you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are not part of the solution you are
+part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+precipitate that's my t-shirt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precipitate that's my t-shirt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precipitate that's my t-shirt
+no okay so dissolved and undissolved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no okay so dissolved and undissolved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no okay so dissolved and undissolved
+solute they're not doing nothing they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solute they're not doing nothing they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solute they're not doing nothing they're
+in dynamic equilibrium just like all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in dynamic equilibrium just like all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in dynamic equilibrium just like all
+other kind of chemical equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other kind of chemical equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other kind of chemical equilibrium
+there's no net change but the process is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no net change but the process is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no net change but the process is
+still going forward and back in fact the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still going forward and back in fact the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still going forward and back in fact the
+rate going forward is equal to the rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate going forward is equal to the rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate going forward is equal to the rate
+going back the same is true here the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going back the same is true here the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going back the same is true here the
+dissolved and undissolved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissolved and undissolved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissolved and undissolved
+um solute are in dynamic equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um solute are in dynamic equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um solute are in dynamic equilibrium
+with each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with each
+other so how much can you get in there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other so how much can you get in there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other so how much can you get in there
+how much solute can you get into your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much solute can you get into your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much solute can you get into your
+solvent and that depends on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solvent and that depends on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solvent and that depends on the
+particular substance and its molar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular substance and its molar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular substance and its molar
+solubility and Molar solubility is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solubility and Molar solubility is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solubility and Molar solubility is
+defined as s either little s or big S I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined as s either little s or big S I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined as s either little s or big S I
+seen it both ways in textbooks um so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen it both ways in textbooks um so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen it both ways in textbooks um so the
+molar solubility s is the molar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molar solubility s is the molar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molar solubility s is the molar
+concentration in that saturated solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration in that saturated solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration in that saturated solution
+where you've put just a little more in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you've put just a little more in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you've put just a little more in
+um than can be completely dissolved and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um than can be completely dissolved and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um than can be completely dissolved and
+so that represents the limit of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that represents the limit of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that represents the limit of the
+ability of that solvent to dissolve that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability of that solvent to dissolve that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability of that solvent to dissolve that
+solute that particular compound and its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solute that particular compound and its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solute that particular compound and its
+units are perhaps unsurprisingly given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units are perhaps unsurprisingly given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units are perhaps unsurprisingly given
+its name is molar moles per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+liter so molar solubility is related to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liter so molar solubility is related to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liter so molar solubility is related to
+our friend KSP but it's not the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our friend KSP but it's not the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our friend KSP but it's not the same
+thing or at least most of the time I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing or at least most of the time I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing or at least most of the time I
+think none of the time exactly the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think none of the time exactly the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think none of the time exactly the same
+so when you're talking about the molar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when you're talking about the molar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when you're talking about the molar
+solubility of either ion you're talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solubility of either ion you're talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solubility of either ion you're talking
+about that concentration of sodium Plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that concentration of sodium Plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that concentration of sodium Plus
+or chlorine minus so you're talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or chlorine minus so you're talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or chlorine minus so you're talking
+about the moles per liter that can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the moles per liter that can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the moles per liter that can be
+dissolved in that particular amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissolved in that particular amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissolved in that particular amount of
+solvent or kind of solvent and so those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solvent or kind of solvent and so those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solvent or kind of solvent and so those
+concentrations are the molar solubility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrations are the molar solubility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrations are the molar solubility
+and again our KSP is going to be equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again our KSP is going to be equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again our KSP is going to be equal
+to the concentration of the sodium um in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the concentration of the sodium um in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the concentration of the sodium um in
+solution and the concentration of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution and the concentration of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution and the concentration of that
+chloride that's dissolved so in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chloride that's dissolved so in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chloride that's dissolved so in this
+case the relationship is that KSP would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case the relationship is that KSP would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case the relationship is that KSP would
+equal the molar solubility squared the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal the molar solubility squared the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal the molar solubility squared the
+molar solubility of this times the molar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molar solubility of this times the molar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molar solubility of this times the molar
+solubility of that so you can derive if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solubility of that so you can derive if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solubility of that so you can derive if
+you know one you can derive the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know one you can derive the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know one you can derive the other
+and you can do that on a problem set in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can do that on a problem set in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can do that on a problem set in
+particular so those are the definitions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular so those are the definitions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular so those are the definitions
+of those terms so molar solubility how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those terms so molar solubility how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those terms so molar solubility how
+much of something dissolves in another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much of something dissolves in another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much of something dissolves in another
+whether it dissolves at all will depend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it dissolves at all will depend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it dissolves at all will depend
+on again the nature of the material and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on again the nature of the material and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on again the nature of the material and
+the nature of the solvent are they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nature of the solvent are they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nature of the solvent are they
+missable do they is there a way like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missable do they is there a way like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missable do they is there a way like
+water getting in there um and forming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water getting in there um and forming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water getting in there um and forming
+hydrogen bonds for example and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen bonds for example and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen bonds for example and this
+leads to a rule that a lot of people um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leads to a rule that a lot of people um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leads to a rule that a lot of people um
+tend to know which is like dissolves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to know which is like dissolves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to know which is like dissolves
+like rule so if water if it's a non
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like rule so if water if it's a non
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like rule so if water if it's a non
+ionic substance and you need to uh pull
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionic substance and you need to uh pull
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionic substance and you need to uh pull
+it out of of the solid by hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it out of of the solid by hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it out of of the solid by hydrogen
+bonding if that material is nothing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonding if that material is nothing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonding if that material is nothing to
+hydrogen bond too if it's completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen bond too if it's completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen bond too if it's completely
+non-polar water's not going to be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-polar water's not going to be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-polar water's not going to be able
+to solubilize it so polar things polar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solubilize it so polar things polar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solubilize it so polar things polar
+liquids like water are generally the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquids like water are generally the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquids like water are generally the
+best solvents for things that are ionic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best solvents for things that are ionic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best solvents for things that are ionic
+like salts or polar compounds so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like salts or polar compounds so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like salts or polar compounds so it
+doesn't have to be a salt it can be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have to be a salt it can be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have to be a salt it can be a
+compound made of carbon but it needs to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compound made of carbon but it needs to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compound made of carbon but it needs to
+be a polar compound so that the water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a polar compound so that the water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a polar compound so that the water
+can get in there and form those hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get in there and form those hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get in there and form those hydrogen
+bonds so you can see that knowing what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds so you can see that knowing what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds so you can see that knowing what
+is capable of forming hydrogen bonds can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is capable of forming hydrogen bonds can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is capable of forming hydrogen bonds can
+be really useful to think about what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be really useful to think about what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be really useful to think about what's
+going to be dissolved in what other type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be dissolved in what other type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be dissolved in what other type
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+material so non-polar liquids like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material so non-polar liquids like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material so non-polar liquids like
+hexane um for example um are better for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hexane um for example um are better for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hexane um for example um are better for
+nonpolar so non-polar like dissolves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonpolar so non-polar like dissolves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonpolar so non-polar like dissolves
+likes and so that's why people go to dry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likes and so that's why people go to dry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likes and so that's why people go to dry
+cleaners because you know you don't you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleaners because you know you don't you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleaners because you know you don't you
+don't want to use water to wash certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to use water to wash certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to use water to wash certain
+things you want to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you want to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you want to use
+um you want to be dry you want to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you want to be dry you want to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you want to be dry you want to get
+your non-polar stains out so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your non-polar stains out so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your non-polar stains out so this is
+very important there's a number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important there's a number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important there's a number of
+applications of these principles um this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications of these principles um this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications of these principles um this
+is important in the pharmaceutical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is important in the pharmaceutical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is important in the pharmaceutical
+industry so um we talked about some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry so um we talked about some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry so um we talked about some of
+the molecules that are used as uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the molecules that are used as uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the molecules that are used as uh
+pharmaceutical um in terms of being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pharmaceutical um in terms of being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pharmaceutical um in terms of being
+polar and nonpolar and vitamins the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polar and nonpolar and vitamins the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polar and nonpolar and vitamins the same
+way so when you're designing a molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way so when you're designing a molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way so when you're designing a molecule
+that you want to get into the body and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you want to get into the body and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you want to get into the body and
+react with a Target if you design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+react with a Target if you design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+react with a Target if you design
+something that is really non-polar it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that is really non-polar it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that is really non-polar it's
+not the human body there's a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the human body there's a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the human body there's a lot of
+water parts and it's not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water parts and it's not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water parts and it's not going to
+necessarily get to where you want it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily get to where you want it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily get to where you want it to
+go and but if it's too uh too non-polar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go and but if it's too uh too non-polar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go and but if it's too uh too non-polar
+or too polar it might just get washed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or too polar it might just get washed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or too polar it might just get washed
+out so you want the right amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out so you want the right amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out so you want the right amount of
+polar non-polar to stay in the body long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polar non-polar to stay in the body long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polar non-polar to stay in the body long
+enough but also get to where it needs to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough but also get to where it needs to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough but also get to where it needs to
+go so a lot of people who are designing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go so a lot of people who are designing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go so a lot of people who are designing
+molecules to treat disease are very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules to treat disease are very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules to treat disease are very
+concerned about can we make this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerned about can we make this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerned about can we make this
+molecule more polar can we make it more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule more polar can we make it more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule more polar can we make it more
+soluble it's a great it hits our Target
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soluble it's a great it hits our Target
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soluble it's a great it hits our Target
+beautifully it really destroys that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautifully it really destroys that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautifully it really destroys that
+enzyme it would be a fantastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme it would be a fantastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme it would be a fantastic
+chemotherapeutic agent but we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemotherapeutic agent but we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemotherapeutic agent but we need to
+figure out how to make it get into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out how to make it get into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out how to make it get into the
+cell that it needs to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell that it needs to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell that it needs to
+Target and of course so if you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Target and of course so if you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Target and of course so if you're going
+to go into drug design or medicine you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go into drug design or medicine you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go into drug design or medicine you
+care about this if you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about this if you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about this if you're going to
+become a parent you care a lot about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become a parent you care a lot about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become a parent you care a lot about
+cleaning um and you become you know it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleaning um and you become you know it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleaning um and you become you know it's
+a daily event how am I going to get this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a daily event how am I going to get this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a daily event how am I going to get this
+stain out of my child's clothes every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stain out of my child's clothes every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stain out of my child's clothes every
+day this is a question um so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day this is a question um so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day this is a question um so this is
+important all right and one one other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important all right and one one other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important all right and one one other
+example in the Longs of cleaning I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example in the Longs of cleaning I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example in the Longs of cleaning I just
+want to share with you a short story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to share with you a short story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to share with you a short story
+about a chemist Robert H black and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a chemist Robert H black and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a chemist Robert H black and a
+life altering event that happened to him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life altering event that happened to him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life altering event that happened to him
+so one day Mrs black said to Mr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one day Mrs black said to Mr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one day Mrs black said to Mr
+Black clean the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Black clean the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Black clean the
+bathtub this was an unprecedented event
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bathtub this was an unprecedented event
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bathtub this was an unprecedented event
+in the black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the black
+household so Robert black went in to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+household so Robert black went in to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+household so Robert black went in to
+clean his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clean his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clean his
+bathtub and it was really hard and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bathtub and it was really hard and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bathtub and it was really hard and he
+scrubbed and he scrubbed and he scrubbed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scrubbed and he scrubbed and he scrubbed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scrubbed and he scrubbed and he scrubbed
+and he scrubbed and he was a chemist so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he scrubbed and he was a chemist so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he scrubbed and he was a chemist so
+he knew what kind of uh chemicals you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he knew what kind of uh chemicals you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he knew what kind of uh chemicals you
+would need to uh to clean a bathtub you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would need to uh to clean a bathtub you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would need to uh to clean a bathtub you
+want to have things to dissolve your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to have things to dissolve your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to have things to dissolve your
+likes and uh you know so you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likes and uh you know so you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likes and uh you know so you want to
+have your polar and non-polar you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have your polar and non-polar you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have your polar and non-polar you want
+to have a a Keating agent to pull the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have a a Keating agent to pull the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have a a Keating agent to pull the
+heavy metals out of the tub scum a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavy metals out of the tub scum a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavy metals out of the tub scum a
+surfactant to make them beat up so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surfactant to make them beat up so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surfactant to make them beat up so you
+can wash them away um alcohols to remove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can wash them away um alcohols to remove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can wash them away um alcohols to remove
+sort of the more greasy kind of stains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the more greasy kind of stains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the more greasy kind of stains
+so he knew all this but he realized that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he knew all this but he realized that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he knew all this but he realized that
+if you didn't apply cleaner on a regular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you didn't apply cleaner on a regular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you didn't apply cleaner on a regular
+basis the tub scum got so thick and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis the tub scum got so thick and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis the tub scum got so thick and so
+nasty that the cleaner couldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nasty that the cleaner couldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nasty that the cleaner couldn't
+penetrate the scum and you need surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+penetrate the scum and you need surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+penetrate the scum and you need surface
+area these things work by dissolving out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area these things work by dissolving out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area these things work by dissolving out
+they touch the surface so you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they touch the surface so you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they touch the surface so you need to
+have a surface so he had this idea that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a surface so he had this idea that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a surface so he had this idea that
+instead of having having this tub scum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of having having this tub scum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of having having this tub scum
+build up so much that it was a real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build up so much that it was a real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build up so much that it was a real
+problem to clean it that you could take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem to clean it that you could take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem to clean it that you could take
+all of these things that were chemists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these things that were chemists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these things that were chemists
+knew would be useful and package them in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew would be useful and package them in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew would be useful and package them in
+something that was a daily cleaner so he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that was a daily cleaner so he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that was a daily cleaner so he
+advertised these things that every time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advertised these things that every time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advertised these things that every time
+you take a shower you just spray the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take a shower you just spray the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take a shower you just spray the
+shower or the tub and then you never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shower or the tub and then you never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shower or the tub and then you never
+have to scrub your tub again because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to scrub your tub again because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to scrub your tub again because you
+do a little bit every day where there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a little bit every day where there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a little bit every day where there's
+not a lot of surface so it gets it right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a lot of surface so it gets it right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a lot of surface so it gets it right
+off right away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off right away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off right away
+and Mr Black and his wife never had to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Mr Black and his wife never had to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Mr Black and his wife never had to
+clean their tub again because this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clean their tub again because this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clean their tub again because this
+resulted in sales of about $70 million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resulted in sales of about $70 million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resulted in sales of about $70 million
+per year and it's important to point out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per year and it's important to point out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per year and it's important to point out
+that he wasn't using anything new he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he wasn't using anything new he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he wasn't using anything new he was
+just packaging his chemicals for daily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just packaging his chemicals for daily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just packaging his chemicals for daily
+use rather than say for weekly or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use rather than say for weekly or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use rather than say for weekly or
+monthly use so I think there's a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monthly use so I think there's a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monthly use so I think there's a couple
+important lessons from this one it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important lessons from this one it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important lessons from this one it's
+always important to clean your bathroom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always important to clean your bathroom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always important to clean your bathroom
+two you never know where chem istry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two you never know where chem istry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two you never know where chem istry
+knowledge is going to come what life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge is going to come what life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge is going to come what life
+altering event will cause you to realize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+altering event will cause you to realize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+altering event will cause you to realize
+that you have in your mind chemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have in your mind chemistry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have in your mind chemistry
+knowledge that can make you $70 million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge that can make you $70 million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge that can make you $70 million
+a year and when that life altering event
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a year and when that life altering event
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a year and when that life altering event
+occurs remember that I take cash and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurs remember that I take cash and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurs remember that I take cash and
+checks and stock options I added the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checks and stock options I added the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checks and stock options I added the
+last one I thought cash and checks I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last one I thought cash and checks I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last one I thought cash and checks I
+should be more flexible so I'm also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be more flexible so I'm also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be more flexible so I'm also
+going to take stock options and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take stock options and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take stock options and this is
+why I teach you all the fundamentals of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why I teach you all the fundamentals of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why I teach you all the fundamentals of
+chemistry cover everything that's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry cover everything that's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry cover everything that's it's
+really important for you to know because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really important for you to know because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really important for you to know because
+then if you use any of it you've learned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then if you use any of it you've learned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then if you use any of it you've learned
+it from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it from
+me okay so just keep that in mind one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me okay so just keep that in mind one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me okay so just keep that in mind one
+never knows what life event is ahead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never knows what life event is ahead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never knows what life event is ahead of
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+so what about gas solubility we talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what about gas solubility we talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what about gas solubility we talked
+about solids now let's talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about solids now let's talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about solids now let's talk about
+gases so whether a a gas is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gases so whether a a gas is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gases so whether a a gas is going to be
+soluble is going to depend on Henry's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soluble is going to depend on Henry's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soluble is going to depend on Henry's
+law or we can find out about its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law or we can find out about its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law or we can find out about its
+solubility so the solubility of a gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solubility so the solubility of a gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solubility so the solubility of a gas
+we're going to call that little s that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to call that little s that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to call that little s that's
+our solubility is directly proportional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our solubility is directly proportional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our solubility is directly proportional
+to the partial pressure of the gas and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the partial pressure of the gas and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the partial pressure of the gas and a
+constant called Henry's constant and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant called Henry's constant and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant called Henry's constant and
+that depends on the nature of the gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that depends on the nature of the gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that depends on the nature of the gas
+and the solvent and the temperature so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the solvent and the temperature so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the solvent and the temperature so
+let's think about this this rule in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's think about this this rule in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's think about this this rule in this
+plot in a clicker question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right just take 10 more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+seconds awesome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds awesome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds awesome
+that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is
+correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct
+okay so let's just take a look at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's just take a look at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's just take a look at that
+so one of one of the clicker questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one of one of the clicker questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one of one of the clicker questions
+was just kind of getting you to read the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was just kind of getting you to read the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was just kind of getting you to read the
+graph um and so it was asking say at 05
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph um and so it was asking say at 05
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph um and so it was asking say at 05
+atmospheres um it said oxygen is more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atmospheres um it said oxygen is more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atmospheres um it said oxygen is more
+soluble than helium this is molar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soluble than helium this is molar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soluble than helium this is molar
+solubility versus partial pressure at 05
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solubility versus partial pressure at 05
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solubility versus partial pressure at 05
+sure enough oxygen is more soluble so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure enough oxygen is more soluble so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure enough oxygen is more soluble so
+that was just reading the plot the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was just reading the plot the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was just reading the plot the other
+um one was just interpreting Henry's law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um one was just interpreting Henry's law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um one was just interpreting Henry's law
+again that solubility if solubility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again that solubility if solubility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again that solubility if solubility
+would increase as partial pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would increase as partial pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would increase as partial pressure
+increases you can see that from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases you can see that from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases you can see that from the
+equation but you can also think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation but you can also think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation but you can also think about
+why that's true and why it's true is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why that's true and why it's true is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why that's true and why it's true is the
+answer to three that the solubility of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer to three that the solubility of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer to three that the solubility of
+gas is proportional to its partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas is proportional to its partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas is proportional to its partial
+pressure an increase in pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure an increase in pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure an increase in pressure
+corresponds to an increase in rate at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to an increase in rate at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to an increase in rate at
+which the gas molecules strike the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which the gas molecules strike the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which the gas molecules strike the
+surface and that makes them more soluble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface and that makes them more soluble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface and that makes them more soluble
+so again ability really has to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again ability really has to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again ability really has to do with
+getting at that surface if you get at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting at that surface if you get at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting at that surface if you get at
+the surface then you can dissolve your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the surface then you can dissolve your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the surface then you can dissolve your
+material all right so why should you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material all right so why should you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material all right so why should you
+care about the solubility of gases and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about the solubility of gases and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about the solubility of gases and
+um I'm going to give you an example um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I'm going to give you an example um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I'm going to give you an example um
+this is another in your own word so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is another in your own word so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is another in your own word so
+we'll watch the video and I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll watch the video and I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll watch the video and I think
+tonight there's some kind of big climate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tonight there's some kind of big climate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tonight there's some kind of big climate
+change thing I've seen Flyers around I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change thing I've seen Flyers around I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change thing I've seen Flyers around I
+haven't paid enough attention to what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't paid enough attention to what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't paid enough attention to what's
+going on but climate change is certainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on but climate change is certainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on but climate change is certainly
+a very um Hot Topic if you'll ex excuse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very um Hot Topic if you'll ex excuse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very um Hot Topic if you'll ex excuse
+that um right now I didn't really mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um right now I didn't really mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um right now I didn't really mean
+it it just kind of came out um but CO2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it just kind of came out um but CO2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it just kind of came out um but CO2
+is a greenhouse gas it's a big problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a greenhouse gas it's a big problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a greenhouse gas it's a big problem
+and so a number of researchers here at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so a number of researchers here at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so a number of researchers here at
+MIT are thinking about ways that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT are thinking about ways that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT are thinking about ways that you can
+capture and store it somewhere get it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture and store it somewhere get it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture and store it somewhere get it
+out of our atmosphere other people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of our atmosphere other people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of our atmosphere other people are
+thinking about ways that you can change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about ways that you can change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about ways that you can change
+industrial processes to make less CO2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industrial processes to make less CO2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industrial processes to make less CO2
+there's a lot of research going on so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of research going on so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of research going on so
+today you'll hear from Hector Hernandez
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today you'll hear from Hector Hernandez
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today you'll hear from Hector Hernandez
+who had a PhD in chemistry from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who had a PhD in chemistry from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who had a PhD in chemistry from the
+chemistry Department here at MIT did his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry Department here at MIT did his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry Department here at MIT did his
+postto here at MIT in chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+postto here at MIT in chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+postto here at MIT in chemical
+engineering um and is now a professor of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering um and is now a professor of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering um and is now a professor of
+chemical engineering at mastar Institute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical engineering at mastar Institute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical engineering at mastar Institute
+in the uh United Arab Emirates so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the uh United Arab Emirates so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the uh United Arab Emirates so this
+is one of the MIT satellite universities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one of the MIT satellite universities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one of the MIT satellite universities
+that are popping up all over the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are popping up all over the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are popping up all over the world
+um so Hector was born I think in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so Hector was born I think in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so Hector was born I think in
+Honduras and then lived in Florida ended
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Honduras and then lived in Florida ended
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Honduras and then lived in Florida ended
+up in MIT and now he's at the United
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up in MIT and now he's at the United
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up in MIT and now he's at the United
+Arab Emirates so that's just another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arab Emirates so that's just another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arab Emirates so that's just another
+example of one never knows what's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of one never knows what's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of one never knows what's going
+to happen to you all right so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to happen to you all right so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to happen to you all right so you can
+hear from Hector in his own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear from Hector in his own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear from Hector in his own
+words so um another there's Hector's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words so um another there's Hector's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words so um another there's Hector's
+video is is on personal videos online I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video is is on personal videos online I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video is is on personal videos online I
+think it's a fun one to watch there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's a fun one to watch there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's a fun one to watch there's a
+couple of things that are really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of things that are really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of things that are really
+interesting about his personal story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting about his personal story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting about his personal story
+including the fact that as he mentioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including the fact that as he mentioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including the fact that as he mentioned
+in past life he did some construction he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in past life he did some construction he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in past life he did some construction he
+started undergrad at age age 30 I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started undergrad at age age 30 I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started undergrad at age age 30 I think
+where he was he was basically building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where he was he was basically building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where he was he was basically building
+houses and fixing cars and he realized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+houses and fixing cars and he realized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+houses and fixing cars and he realized
+that uh his back might not survive this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh his back might not survive this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh his back might not survive this
+being his permanent career so he decided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being his permanent career so he decided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being his permanent career so he decided
+to use his brain instead of his back and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use his brain instead of his back and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use his brain instead of his back and
+so started undergraduate now he's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so started undergraduate now he's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so started undergraduate now he's a
+professor so it just shows there's a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor so it just shows there's a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor so it just shows there's a lot
+of different paths uh to success all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of different paths uh to success all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of different paths uh to success all
+right so CO2 big problem you were trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so CO2 big problem you were trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so CO2 big problem you were trying
+to use in in that case he was interested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use in in that case he was interested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use in in that case he was interested
+in turning into biofuels or interested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in turning into biofuels or interested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in turning into biofuels or interested
+in ways to store for it you care about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in ways to store for it you care about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in ways to store for it you care about
+solubility of gases and you care about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solubility of gases and you care about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solubility of gases and you care about
+later's principle of driving things the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later's principle of driving things the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later's principle of driving things the
+direction that you want to make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction that you want to make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction that you want to make the
+products you want okay so let's think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products you want okay so let's think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products you want okay so let's think
+more about these factors that affect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more about these factors that affect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more about these factors that affect
+solubility and one thing that's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solubility and one thing that's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solubility and one thing that's very
+important for sure is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important for sure is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important for sure is
+temperature so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature so
+temperature most substances dissolve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature most substances dissolve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature most substances dissolve
+more quickly at higher temperature which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more quickly at higher temperature which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more quickly at higher temperature which
+is often what you want but it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is often what you want but it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is often what you want but it doesn't
+always mean if you increase the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always mean if you increase the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always mean if you increase the
+temperature that you're going to make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature that you're going to make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature that you're going to make it
+more soluble you may just make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more soluble you may just make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more soluble you may just make it
+dissolve faster but not actually change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissolve faster but not actually change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissolve faster but not actually change
+the end product some things are more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end product some things are more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end product some things are more
+sensitive to temperature than others so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitive to temperature than others so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitive to temperature than others so
+most gases for example are less soluble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most gases for example are less soluble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most gases for example are less soluble
+in warm water than in cold water but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in warm water than in cold water but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in warm water than in cold water but
+with solids it's much harder to predict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with solids it's much harder to predict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with solids it's much harder to predict
+that what effect temperature might have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what effect temperature might have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what effect temperature might have
+on their solubility even though for many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on their solubility even though for many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on their solubility even though for many
+things it will make it faster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things it will make it faster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things it will make it faster
+so let's think now about how to drive a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's think now about how to drive a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's think now about how to drive a
+reaction and what what what factors are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction and what what what factors are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction and what what what factors are
+involved and what's favorable and what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved and what's favorable and what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved and what's favorable and what's
+not favorable and when we're talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not favorable and when we're talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not favorable and when we're talking
+about those things we're going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about those things we're going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about those things we're going to be
+back to our thermodynamics back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to our thermodynamics back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to our thermodynamics back to
+enthalpy entropy and Gibbs free energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enthalpy entropy and Gibbs free energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enthalpy entropy and Gibbs free energy
+so all these have little special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all these have little special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all these have little special
+subnames so when we're talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subnames so when we're talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subnames so when we're talking about
+Delta H and we're talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta H and we're talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta H and we're talking about
+Solutions things dissolving we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Solutions things dissolving we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Solutions things dissolving we're
+talking about Delta H subs for uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about Delta H subs for uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about Delta H subs for uh
+solution or if you could think of it as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution or if you could think of it as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution or if you could think of it as
+solubility and one point that I'll make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solubility and one point that I'll make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solubility and one point that I'll make
+a lot of times when people are learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of times when people are learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of times when people are learning
+a new field they're like oh there's so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a new field they're like oh there's so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a new field they're like oh there's so
+much to learn but it you get to some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much to learn but it you get to some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much to learn but it you get to some
+point everything is just kind of like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point everything is just kind of like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point everything is just kind of like a
+subtle difference in something you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtle difference in something you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtle difference in something you've
+already learned so if you already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already learned so if you already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already learned so if you already
+learned about Delta H this is just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned about Delta H this is just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned about Delta H this is just a
+slight modification of what you learned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slight modification of what you learned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slight modification of what you learned
+it's not you don't have to learn a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not you don't have to learn a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not you don't have to learn a whole
+new thing so that's one of the good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new thing so that's one of the good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new thing so that's one of the good
+things about the course you start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things about the course you start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things about the course you start
+recognizing already I already pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognizing already I already pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognizing already I already pretty
+much know know this I just need to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much know know this I just need to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much know know this I just need to to
+add a little saw to the end okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add a little saw to the end okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add a little saw to the end okay so
+Delta h of solution can be measured um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta h of solution can be measured um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta h of solution can be measured um
+you can measure it from heat released
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can measure it from heat released
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can measure it from heat released
+when something dissolves or measure it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when something dissolves or measure it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when something dissolves or measure it
+by the heat absorbed and at constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the heat absorbed and at constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the heat absorbed and at constant
+pressure and so the sign of Delta H Sol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure and so the sign of Delta H Sol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure and so the sign of Delta H Sol
+will tell you about whether heat is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will tell you about whether heat is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will tell you about whether heat is
+released or heat is is um required when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+released or heat is is um required when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+released or heat is is um required when
+something dissolves so a negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something dissolves so a negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something dissolves so a negative
+enthalpy of solution tells us that heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enthalpy of solution tells us that heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enthalpy of solution tells us that heat
+is released when something dissolves and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is released when something dissolves and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is released when something dissolves and
+many of you may have just experienced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of you may have just experienced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of you may have just experienced
+this if you're holding you're mixing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this if you're holding you're mixing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this if you're holding you're mixing
+something together and you're holding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something together and you're holding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something together and you're holding
+the container and all of a sudden it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the container and all of a sudden it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the container and all of a sudden it
+heats up so then you know Delta h of Sal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heats up so then you know Delta h of Sal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heats up so then you know Delta h of Sal
+is a negative value and of course a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a negative value and of course a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a negative value and of course a
+positive value tells you that um that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive value tells you that um that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive value tells you that um that
+energy is absorbed and sometimes things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy is absorbed and sometimes things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy is absorbed and sometimes things
+can get very very cold when they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get very very cold when they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get very very cold when they're
+dissolving so you already kind of knew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissolving so you already kind of knew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissolving so you already kind of knew
+that that negative Delta H tells you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that negative Delta H tells you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that negative Delta H tells you
+that heat is released and positive Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that heat is released and positive Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that heat is released and positive Delta
+H tells you that heat is absorbed so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H tells you that heat is absorbed so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H tells you that heat is absorbed so
+this is basically the same thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is basically the same thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is basically the same thing that
+you already learned um it just applies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you already learned um it just applies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you already learned um it just applies
+to things dissolving just the same as it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to things dissolving just the same as it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to things dissolving just the same as it
+does to any reaction all right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does to any reaction all right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does to any reaction all right now
+suppose we want to know whether the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose we want to know whether the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose we want to know whether the
+reaction is going to be spontaneous at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction is going to be spontaneous at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction is going to be spontaneous at
+constant pressure or temperature if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant pressure or temperature if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant pressure or temperature if we
+want to know if the dissolving whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to know if the dissolving whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to know if the dissolving whether
+it will dissolve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will dissolve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will dissolve
+spontaneously what am I asking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneously what am I asking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneously what am I asking about
+what term do I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+know I want to know about Delta G I sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I want to know about Delta G I sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I want to know about Delta G I sure
+do Delta G tells us whether things are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do Delta G tells us whether things are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do Delta G tells us whether things are
+spontaneous or not it does with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneous or not it does with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneous or not it does with
+thermodynamics it does with solubility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamics it does with solubility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamics it does with solubility
+Delta G is the predictor of whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta G is the predictor of whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta G is the predictor of whether
+something is going to be spont aneous or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something is going to be spont aneous or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something is going to be spont aneous or
+nonspontaneous by the sign of Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+G so entropy don't want to leave out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G so entropy don't want to leave out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G so entropy don't want to leave out
+entropy never leave out entropy my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy never leave out entropy my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy never leave out entropy my
+t-shirts still unaccounted for after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t-shirts still unaccounted for after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t-shirts still unaccounted for after
+they got back to Massachusetts they left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they got back to Massachusetts they left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they got back to Massachusetts they left
+for New Jersey and Cincinnati again last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for New Jersey and Cincinnati again last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for New Jersey and Cincinnati again last
+time I checked they were still in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time I checked they were still in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time I checked they were still in
+Ohio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ohio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ohio
+entropy all right so since disorder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy all right so since disorder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy all right so since disorder
+typically increases when when a solvent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically increases when when a solvent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically increases when when a solvent
+dissolves typically entropy should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissolves typically entropy should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissolves typically entropy should
+increase and there's a little star and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase and there's a little star and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase and there's a little star and
+we'll get back to the star because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll get back to the star because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll get back to the star because
+doesn't always increase but typically it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't always increase but typically it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't always increase but typically it
+should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should
+increase so if we're looking at these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase so if we're looking at these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase so if we're looking at these
+pictures here over here you have your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures here over here you have your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures here over here you have your
+nice uh molecules all lined up in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice uh molecules all lined up in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice uh molecules all lined up in your
+solvent in your solid and it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solvent in your solid and it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solvent in your solid and it's going to
+then dissolve and you can see that when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then dissolve and you can see that when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then dissolve and you can see that when
+it's dissolved that's a lot more entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's dissolved that's a lot more entropy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's dissolved that's a lot more entropy
+over there there a lot more freedom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over there there a lot more freedom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over there there a lot more freedom
+moving around this is more constraint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving around this is more constraint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving around this is more constraint
+so typically entropy increases when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so typically entropy increases when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so typically entropy increases when
+things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things
+dissolve so if Delta H is negative and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissolve so if Delta H is negative and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissolve so if Delta H is negative and
+Delta s increases when a solute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta s increases when a solute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta s increases when a solute
+dissolves then what do we expect about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissolves then what do we expect about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissolves then what do we expect about
+the dissolving process and that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dissolving process and that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dissolving process and that's a
+clicker question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah so most people have so we'll take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so most people have so we'll take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so most people have so we'll take
+10 more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+seconds okay so let's look at both of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds okay so let's look at both of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds okay so let's look at both of
+them because we're going to do this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them because we're going to do this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them because we're going to do this one
+in a few minutes um so let's uh let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a few minutes um so let's uh let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a few minutes um so let's uh let's
+just continue with our notes and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just continue with our notes and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just continue with our notes and we're
+going to come back to that one I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to come back to that one I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to come back to that one I don't
+know could we just leave that one up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know could we just leave that one up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know could we just leave that one up
+maybe um for a minute I don't know how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe um for a minute I don't know how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe um for a minute I don't know how
+long it was going to take to me to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long it was going to take to me to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long it was going to take to me to get
+there all right so when we're talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there all right so when we're talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there all right so when we're talking
+about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this
+oops so if uh we'll just keep things in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oops so if uh we'll just keep things in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oops so if uh we'll just keep things in
+the notes and we'll come back to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the notes and we'll come back to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the notes and we'll come back to that
+one so if this is if this is negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so if this is if this is negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so if this is if this is negative
+and Delta s is increasing so if this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Delta s is increasing so if this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Delta s is increasing so if this is
+negative and this is positive then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative and this is positive then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative and this is positive then
+you're going to have a spont anous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to have a spont anous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to have a spont anous
+process here so if you can put in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process here so if you can put in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process here so if you can put in your
+notes that this should be spontaneous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes that this should be spontaneous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes that this should be spontaneous
+under these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under these
+circumstances all right so now let's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circumstances all right so now let's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circumstances all right so now let's uh
+continue on and think about getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue on and think about getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue on and think about getting
+around to the next one so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around to the next one so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around to the next one so
+um in some cases I don't know hopefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in some cases I don't know hopefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in some cases I don't know hopefully
+if people can see this in some cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if people can see this in some cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if people can see this in some cases
+entropy of the system is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy of the system is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy of the system is actually
+lowered when something dissolves and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowered when something dissolves and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowered when something dissolves and
+this is because of what's known as this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is because of what's known as this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is because of what's known as this
+cage effect if you have water molecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cage effect if you have water molecules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cage effect if you have water molecules
+when something dissolves sometimes order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when something dissolves sometimes order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when something dissolves sometimes order
+around the thing and so the water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the thing and so the water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the thing and so the water
+entropy is uh determining the process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy is uh determining the process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy is uh determining the process
+and so it's uh it's it's you have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so it's uh it's it's you have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so it's uh it's it's you have this
+new order because of the water structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new order because of the water structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new order because of the water structure
+so this can change so it's not always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this can change so it's not always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this can change so it's not always
+the case that entropy of the overall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case that entropy of the overall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case that entropy of the overall
+system is uh going to increase so here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is uh going to increase so here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is uh going to increase so here
+even if this is a negative value Delta H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if this is a negative value Delta H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if this is a negative value Delta H
+solution is negative Delta G might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution is negative Delta G might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution is negative Delta G might be
+positive it might not be a spontaneous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive it might not be a spontaneous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive it might not be a spontaneous
+system and so the cage effect is why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and so the cage effect is why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and so the cage effect is why
+some things that are hydrophobic you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some things that are hydrophobic you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some things that are hydrophobic you
+just you're having a hard time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just you're having a hard time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just you're having a hard time
+dissolving them even if they have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissolving them even if they have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissolving them even if they have a
+negative enthalpy even if you would just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative enthalpy even if you would just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative enthalpy even if you would just
+look at the negative enthalpy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the negative enthalpy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the negative enthalpy and
+predict that it should be spontaneous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict that it should be spontaneous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict that it should be spontaneous
+because even if this is NE if this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because even if this is NE if this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because even if this is NE if this is
+negative if Delta s is also negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative if Delta s is also negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative if Delta s is also negative
+because you have more order due to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you have more order due to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you have more order due to the
+water molecules then the overall term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water molecules then the overall term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water molecules then the overall term
+can be positive it would depend on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be positive it would depend on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be positive it would depend on the
+magnet nitudes of of these and of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnet nitudes of of these and of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnet nitudes of of these and of the
+temperature so then um this is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature so then um this is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature so then um this is actually
+more slides than I remembered before we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more slides than I remembered before we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more slides than I remembered before we
+get to the next oh this is the last one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to the next oh this is the last one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to the next oh this is the last one
+okay so uh when gases are in liquids uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so uh when gases are in liquids uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so uh when gases are in liquids uh
+dissolved in a liquid there's much less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissolved in a liquid there's much less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissolved in a liquid there's much less
+Freedom gases not dissolved can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Freedom gases not dissolved can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Freedom gases not dissolved can be
+anywhere um but when they're in a liquid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere um but when they're in a liquid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere um but when they're in a liquid
+then there's much less freedom and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's much less freedom and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's much less freedom and so
+the entropy then is going to be negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entropy then is going to be negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entropy then is going to be negative
+and the solubility will decrease um as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the solubility will decrease um as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the solubility will decrease um as
+the temperature rises and so that brings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the temperature rises and so that brings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the temperature rises and so that brings
+us then to our question about Delta h of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us then to our question about Delta h of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us then to our question about Delta h of
+solution being positive and now we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution being positive and now we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution being positive and now we can
+look at the answer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the answer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the answer to
+that okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay
+so now I guess we can go maybe to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now I guess we can go maybe to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now I guess we can go maybe to the
+other slide so that was the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other slide so that was the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other slide so that was the question
+that you had here and um I've just put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you had here and um I've just put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you had here and um I've just put
+up the answers so here Delta H is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up the answers so here Delta H is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up the answers so here Delta H is
+positive and so we have positive minus t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive and so we have positive minus t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive and so we have positive minus t
+Delta s again we don't it we weren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta s again we don't it we weren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta s again we don't it we weren't
+told anything about Delta s in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told anything about Delta s in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told anything about Delta s in this
+particular just ask what if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular just ask what if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular just ask what if it's
+positive um and so one for the first one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive um and so one for the first one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive um and so one for the first one
+said dissolving is never spontaneous and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said dissolving is never spontaneous and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said dissolving is never spontaneous and
+that isn't necessarily true um because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that isn't necessarily true um because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that isn't necessarily true um because
+you don't know what Delta s is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't know what Delta s is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't know what Delta s is
+dissolving is only spontaneous if T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissolving is only spontaneous if T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissolving is only spontaneous if T
+Delta s is positive and larger than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta s is positive and larger than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta s is positive and larger than
+Delta H solution and that was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta H solution and that was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta H solution and that was the
+correct answer if this is a big term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct answer if this is a big term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct answer if this is a big term
+here um it's larger than that term and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here um it's larger than that term and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here um it's larger than that term and
+this is a positive value then you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a positive value then you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a positive value then you would
+get a negative Delta G and it would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a negative Delta G and it would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a negative Delta G and it would be
+uh a spontaneous process if we look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a spontaneous process if we look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a spontaneous process if we look at
+number three here dissolving is only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number three here dissolving is only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number three here dissolving is only
+spontaneous if this is negative that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneous if this is negative that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneous if this is negative that
+does not help us at all um and the rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not help us at all um and the rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not help us at all um and the rate
+will be slower Delta H is not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be slower Delta H is not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be slower Delta H is not going to
+going to tell us anything about rates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to tell us anything about rates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to tell us anything about rates
+rates are determined by kinetics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates are determined by kinetics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates are determined by kinetics
+temperature can affect the rates for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature can affect the rates for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature can affect the rates for
+sure stirring can affect the rates for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure stirring can affect the rates for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure stirring can affect the rates for
+sure but Delta H is not telling us about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure but Delta H is not telling us about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure but Delta H is not telling us about
+being T Delta H being positive is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being T Delta H being positive is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being T Delta H being positive is not
+telling us about the rates so you'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling us about the rates so you'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling us about the rates so you'll see
+in this um in this particular unit when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this um in this particular unit when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this um in this particular unit when
+you're thinking about solubility you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're thinking about solubility you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're thinking about solubility you're
+thinking about equilibrium Expressions a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about equilibrium Expressions a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about equilibrium Expressions a
+special equilibrium expression KSP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special equilibrium expression KSP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special equilibrium expression KSP
+you're thinking about um partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're thinking about um partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're thinking about um partial
+pressures again you're thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressures again you're thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressures again you're thinking about
+effects on um the solubility that have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects on um the solubility that have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects on um the solubility that have
+to do with temperatures you're thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do with temperatures you're thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do with temperatures you're thinking
+about Delta H Delta s and Delta G so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Delta H Delta s and Delta G so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Delta H Delta s and Delta G so
+it's really an outgrowth of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really an outgrowth of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really an outgrowth of
+thermodynamics and chemical equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamics and chemical equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamics and chemical equilibrium
+but you're just applying really what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you're just applying really what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you're just applying really what
+you've already learned to thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've already learned to thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've already learned to thinking about
+a solute dissolving in a solvent um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a solute dissolving in a solvent um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a solute dissolving in a solvent um so
+that's one of the things that that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one of the things that that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one of the things that that's
+really great about the course in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really great about the course in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really great about the course in the
+next couple units is that everything's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next couple units is that everything's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next couple units is that everything's
+very connected so we can just briefly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very connected so we can just briefly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very connected so we can just briefly
+introduce you to the next unit and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce you to the next unit and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce you to the next unit and we're
+going to be talking about acids and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be talking about acids and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be talking about acids and
+bases now for several lectures um and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bases now for several lectures um and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bases now for several lectures um and I
+have to say that this is one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to say that this is one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to say that this is one of the
+units when we get to kind of acid based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units when we get to kind of acid based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units when we get to kind of acid based
+titrations that MIT students seem to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+titrations that MIT students seem to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+titrations that MIT students seem to
+struggle with so um we're going to spend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+struggle with so um we're going to spend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+struggle with so um we're going to spend
+we're going to slow this down and really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to slow this down and really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to slow this down and really
+go over it and have you be awesome at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go over it and have you be awesome at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go over it and have you be awesome at
+acids and bases all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acids and bases all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acids and bases all right so
+um and I'll I'll I'll mention that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and I'll I'll I'll mention that one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and I'll I'll I'll mention that one
+of the reasons why I spend time on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the reasons why I spend time on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the reasons why I spend time on
+solubility and acids bases because these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solubility and acids bases because these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solubility and acids bases because these
+are topics that are really important for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are topics that are really important for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are topics that are really important for
+medical school and I know a lot of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medical school and I know a lot of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medical school and I know a lot of you
+are not Premed but I want everybody in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not Premed but I want everybody in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not Premed but I want everybody in
+this class to have that background that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class to have that background that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class to have that background that
+they could go to med school if they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could go to med school if they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could go to med school if they
+wanted to or they could um just advocate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to or they could um just advocate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to or they could um just advocate
+for their own health um U with a doctor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for their own health um U with a doctor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for their own health um U with a doctor
+who doesn't know about acids and bases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who doesn't know about acids and bases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who doesn't know about acids and bases
+and I'll tell you a story about that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll tell you a story about that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll tell you a story about that a
+little later um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little later um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little later um
+anyway okay so acids and bases we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway okay so acids and bases we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway okay so acids and bases we're
+just going to do some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to do some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to do some
+definitions so um the simplest um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitions so um the simplest um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitions so um the simplest um
+definition of this is that an acid is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of this is that an acid is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of this is that an acid is a
+substance that when dissolved in water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substance that when dissolved in water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substance that when dissolved in water
+increases the concentration of hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases the concentration of hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases the concentration of hydrogen
+ions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ions
+H+ whereas a base is a substance that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H+ whereas a base is a substance that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H+ whereas a base is a substance that
+increases the hydroxide concentration o
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases the hydroxide concentration o
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases the hydroxide concentration o
+minus so there are acids and bases that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus so there are acids and bases that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus so there are acids and bases that
+definitely fit this description but this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely fit this description but this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely fit this description but this
+is a very narrow description of acids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a very narrow description of acids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a very narrow description of acids
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+bases the next one the bronzee Lowry is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bases the next one the bronzee Lowry is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bases the next one the bronzee Lowry is
+a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bit
+broader so an acid is something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broader so an acid is something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broader so an acid is something that
+donates a hydrogen ion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+donates a hydrogen ion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+donates a hydrogen ion
+H+ and a bronzed lowy base is something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H+ and a bronzed lowy base is something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H+ and a bronzed lowy base is something
+that accepts a hydrogen ion and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that accepts a hydrogen ion and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that accepts a hydrogen ion and this is
+really the definition we'll be spending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really the definition we'll be spending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really the definition we'll be spending
+the most time with in the the class so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most time with in the the class so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most time with in the the class so
+let's look at some examples of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at some examples of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at some examples of
+this so here we have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so here we have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so here we have an
+acid and if it's an acid it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid and if it's an acid it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid and if it's an acid it's going to
+be donating a hydrogen ion and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be donating a hydrogen ion and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be donating a hydrogen ion and it's
+going to donate it here to the water the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to donate it here to the water the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to donate it here to the water the
+water acts as a base in that it accepts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water acts as a base in that it accepts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water acts as a base in that it accepts
+the hydrogen ion when it accepts the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hydrogen ion when it accepts the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hydrogen ion when it accepts the
+hydrogen ion it has one extra hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen ion it has one extra hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen ion it has one extra hydrogen
+ion so it's um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+h3o+ and when the acid loses its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h3o+ and when the acid loses its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h3o+ and when the acid loses its
+hydrogen ion it becomes this base over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen ion it becomes this base over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen ion it becomes this base over
+here the same molecule minus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the same molecule minus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the same molecule minus the
+hydrogen ion so now it has a negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen ion so now it has a negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen ion so now it has a negative
+charge and so this uh we're you'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge and so this uh we're you'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge and so this uh we're you'll see
+hydronium ions quite a bit which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydronium ions quite a bit which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydronium ions quite a bit which is
+h3o+ that's really the more accurate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h3o+ that's really the more accurate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h3o+ that's really the more accurate
+form rather than just writing H+
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form rather than just writing H+
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form rather than just writing H+
+somewhere so that's the kind of true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere so that's the kind of true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere so that's the kind of true
+nature of things so let me just show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature of things so let me just show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature of things so let me just show you
+a little anim of this happening I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little anim of this happening I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little anim of this happening I think
+it's kind of cute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um so here we have our water molecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so here we have our water molecules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so here we have our water molecules
+and we have um our our uh acid it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have um our our uh acid it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have um our our uh acid it
+donated a hydrogen ion to this and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+donated a hydrogen ion to this and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+donated a hydrogen ion to this and then
+another water came and stole it away and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another water came and stole it away and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another water came and stole it away and
+so there's our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's our
+h3o+ and so in solution you have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h3o+ and so in solution you have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h3o+ and so in solution you have this
+exchange of hydrogen atoms the acid is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange of hydrogen atoms the acid is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange of hydrogen atoms the acid is
+donating the base is accepting and as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+donating the base is accepting and as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+donating the base is accepting and as
+they donate and accept they become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they donate and accept they become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they donate and accept they become
+different molecules so that gives rise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different molecules so that gives rise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different molecules so that gives rise
+to this idea of conjugate acid base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this idea of conjugate acid base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this idea of conjugate acid base
+pairs so here you see that um this acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs so here you see that um this acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs so here you see that um this acid
+is paired with this base over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is paired with this base over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is paired with this base over here
+they're the same except that one has the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're the same except that one has the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're the same except that one has the
+hydrogen ion and one does not and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen ion and one does not and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen ion and one does not and then
+the other pair is here it's a it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other pair is here it's a it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other pair is here it's a it's
+another acid base pair we have water and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another acid base pair we have water and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another acid base pair we have water and
+hydronium ion that also differ by H+ so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydronium ion that also differ by H+ so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydronium ion that also differ by H+ so
+every time an acid donates a hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time an acid donates a hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time an acid donates a hydrogen
+ion or proton it becomes its conjugate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ion or proton it becomes its conjugate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ion or proton it becomes its conjugate
+base every time a base accepts a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base every time a base accepts a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base every time a base accepts a
+hydrogen ion or proton it becomes its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen ion or proton it becomes its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen ion or proton it becomes its
+conjugate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugate
+acid so the conjugate base of any acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid so the conjugate base of any acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid so the conjugate base of any acid
+is the base that is formed when the acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the base that is formed when the acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the base that is formed when the acid
+acid has donated hydrogen ion or proton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid has donated hydrogen ion or proton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid has donated hydrogen ion or proton
+the conjugate acid of a base is the acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conjugate acid of a base is the acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conjugate acid of a base is the acid
+that forms when the base accepts a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that forms when the base accepts a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that forms when the base accepts a
+hydrogen ion or proton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen ion or proton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen ion or proton
+so let's take a look at one more example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's take a look at one more example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's take a look at one more example
+if this over here is this acting as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this over here is this acting as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this over here is this acting as an
+acid or base this molecule here what do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid or base this molecule here what do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid or base this molecule here what do
+you think you can just yell it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think you can just yell it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think you can just yell it
+out it's acting as an acid right this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out it's acting as an acid right this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out it's acting as an acid right this is
+acting then as the base when this base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acting then as the base when this base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acting then as the base when this base
+accepts the hydrogen ion it forms its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accepts the hydrogen ion it forms its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accepts the hydrogen ion it forms its
+conjugate acid and this then forms its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugate acid and this then forms its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugate acid and this then forms its
+conjugate base which differs by H+
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so why don't you why don't you try one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so why don't you why don't you try one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so why don't you why don't you try one
+of these then on your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+own 10 more seconds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so we can go back to that over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we can go back to that over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we can go back to that over
+there so you most people got this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so you most people got this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so you most people got this this
+right and so you're looking at what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so you're looking at what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so you're looking at what's
+acting as the base and what's acting as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acting as the base and what's acting as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acting as the base and what's acting as
+the acid again the base is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the acid again the base is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the acid again the base is going to be
+accepting a hydrogen ion so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accepting a hydrogen ion so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accepting a hydrogen ion so this is
+acting as the acid this forms its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acting as the acid this forms its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acting as the acid this forms its
+conjugate and this and um I'll just uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugate and this and um I'll just uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugate and this and um I'll just uh
+end quickly with the idea of something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end quickly with the idea of something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end quickly with the idea of something
+that's amphoteric which is a molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's amphoteric which is a molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's amphoteric which is a molecule
+that can act as an acid or a base you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can act as an acid or a base you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can act as an acid or a base you
+just saw some nice examples of that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just saw some nice examples of that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just saw some nice examples of that and
+finally just one last definition um for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally just one last definition um for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally just one last definition um for
+acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid
+bases and um I don't want to we'll we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bases and um I don't want to we'll we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bases and um I don't want to we'll we'll
+just uh put this up and then we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just uh put this up and then we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just uh put this up and then we'll
+that's kind of the end um so the final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's kind of the end um so the final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's kind of the end um so the final
+definition the ls Bas donates a lone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition the ls Bas donates a lone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition the ls Bas donates a lone
+pair whereas a Lewis acid accepts such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair whereas a Lewis acid accepts such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair whereas a Lewis acid accepts such
+electrons
\ No newline at end of file