diff --git "a/core/knowledge_graph/data/quick/hypotheses_imaging_adni.json" "b/core/knowledge_graph/data/quick/hypotheses_imaging_adni.json" new file mode 100644--- /dev/null +++ "b/core/knowledge_graph/data/quick/hypotheses_imaging_adni.json" @@ -0,0 +1,3715 @@ +{ + "n_hypotheses": 41, + "hypotheses": [ + { + "id": "HYP:IMG:000354", + "hypothesis_type": "imaging", + "source_id": "NN:802", + "source_name": "cortical thickness of Hypothalamus", + "target_id": "COGAT_DISORDER:dso_6680", + "target_name": "Capgras syndrome", + "path": [ + { + "from_id": "NN:802", + "from_name": "Hypothalamus", + "to_id": "MSH:D001007", + "to_name": "Anxiety", + "relation_type": "modulates", + "confidence": 0.325, + "claim_id": "CLM:5bf1257fd70e", + "raw_text": "These include the prefrontal cortical-amygdala circuit, the hippocampal formation, basal ganglia and the hypothalamus.", + "evidence": { + "study_type": "review", + "methodology": "review of neuronal circuitry studies in humans and preclinical models", + "p_value": null, + "effect_size": null, + "effect_metric": "", + "sample_size": null, + "replicability": "not_reported", + "direction": "not_reported" + }, + "source_paper": { + "pmid": "41494568", + "doi": "10.1016/j.neubiorev.2026.106547", + "title": "Comorbidity of autism spectrum disorders and anxiety disorders: Insights from neuronal circuitry studies.", + "authors": "Webster Jack F, Cousin Michael A", + "year": 2026, + "journal": "Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews" + } + }, + { + "from_id": "MSH:D001007", + "from_name": "Anxiety", + "to_id": "COGAT_DISORDER:dso_6680", + "to_name": "Capgras syndrome", + "relation_type": "correlates_with", + "confidence": 0.51, + "claim_id": "CLM:b99a70da15b2", + "raw_text": "Depression or anxiety was present in 55% (n = 112).", + "evidence": { + "study_type": "cohort", + "methodology": "retrospective medical record review of clinical features", + "p_value": null, + "effect_size": 55, + "effect_metric": "percentage", + "sample_size": 204, + "replicability": "not independently replicated; single-center retrospective cohort", + "direction": "positive" + }, + "source_paper": { + "pmid": "41059767", + "doi": "10.1093/brain/awaf378", + "title": "Imposter in the brain: aetiological, clinical and neuroimaging characteristics of Capgras syndrome.", + "authors": "Watanabe Hiroyuki, Whitwell Jennifer L, Bhaskaran Jerusha G, Lowe Val J, Josephs Keith A", + "year": 2026, + "journal": "Brain : a journal of neurology" + } + } + ], + "confidence_score": 0.2878801834096956, + "novelty_score": 0.65, + "evidence_score": 0.9, + "testability_score": 0.8500000000000001, + "composite_score": 0.6474642880459093, + "supporting_claims": [ + "CLM:5bf1257fd70e", + "CLM:b99a70da15b2" + ], + "explanation": "Hypothesis: cortical thickness of Hypothalamus may relate to Capgras syndrome via 2-hop path.\nPath: Hypothalamus --[modulates]--> Anxiety --> Anxiety --[correlates_with]--> Capgras syndrome\nEvidence: 2 claims from 2 papers\nKey finding: 'These include the prefrontal cortical-amygdala circuit, the hippocampal formation, basal ganglia and the hypothalamus.'\nTestability: modalities: sMRI | brain regions: amygdala, thalamus, frontal | diseases: depression, anxiety\nConfidence: 0.29 | Novelty: 0.65 | Evidence: 0.90 | Testability: 0.85", + "testability_reason": "modalities: sMRI | brain regions: amygdala, thalamus, frontal | diseases: depression, anxiety", + "metadata": { + "dataset": "ADNI", + "input_modality": "sMRI", + "input_feature": "cortical thickness of Hypothalamus", + "input_level": "ROI", + "input_tool": "FreeSurfer", + "input_region": "Hypothalamus", + "outcome_type": "disease" + }, + "critic_score": 0.0, + "critic_feedback": [], + "critic_rounds": 0, + "evolve_score": 0.0 + }, + { + "id": "HYP:IMG:000355", + "hypothesis_type": "imaging", + "source_id": "NN:802", + "source_name": "cortical thickness of Hypothalamus", + "target_id": "COGAT_CONCEPT:trm_50070dce14554", + "target_name": "impulsivity", + "path": [ + { + "from_id": "NN:802", + "from_name": "Hypothalamus", + "to_id": "MSH:D001007", + "to_name": "Anxiety", + "relation_type": "modulates", + "confidence": 0.325, + "claim_id": "CLM:5bf1257fd70e", + "raw_text": "These include the prefrontal cortical-amygdala circuit, the hippocampal formation, basal ganglia and the hypothalamus.", + "evidence": { + "study_type": "review", + "methodology": "review of neuronal circuitry studies in humans and preclinical models", + "p_value": null, + "effect_size": null, + "effect_metric": "", + "sample_size": null, + "replicability": "not_reported", + "direction": "not_reported" + }, + "source_paper": { + "pmid": "41494568", + "doi": "10.1016/j.neubiorev.2026.106547", + "title": "Comorbidity of autism spectrum disorders and anxiety disorders: Insights from neuronal circuitry studies.", + "authors": "Webster Jack F, Cousin Michael A", + "year": 2026, + "journal": "Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews" + } + }, + { + "from_id": "MSH:D001007", + "from_name": "Anxiety", + "to_id": "COGAT_CONCEPT:trm_50070dce14554", + "to_name": "impulsivity", + "relation_type": "reduces", + "confidence": 0.325, + "claim_id": "CLM:ace4b2d6c69a", + "raw_text": "Coexisting anxiety may attenuate impulsivity in ADHD.", + "evidence": { + "study_type": "review", + "methodology": "review of studies examining psychiatric comorbidity with ADHD", + "p_value": null, + "effect_size": null, + "effect_metric": "", + "sample_size": null, + "replicability": "not_reported", + "direction": "negative" + }, + "source_paper": { + "pmid": "10944655", + "doi": "", + "title": "Patterns of psychiatric comorbidity with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.", + "authors": "Pliszka S R", + "year": 2000, + "journal": "Child and adolescent psychiatric clinics of North America" + } + } + ], + "confidence_score": 0.1625, + "novelty_score": 0.6, + "evidence_score": 0.9, + "testability_score": 0.8500000000000001, + "composite_score": 0.5660484578658199, + "supporting_claims": [ + "CLM:5bf1257fd70e", + "CLM:ace4b2d6c69a" + ], + "explanation": "Hypothesis: cortical thickness of Hypothalamus may relate to impulsivity via 2-hop path.\nPath: Hypothalamus --[modulates]--> Anxiety --> Anxiety --[reduces]--> impulsivity\nEvidence: 2 claims from 2 papers\nKey finding: 'These include the prefrontal cortical-amygdala circuit, the hippocampal formation, basal ganglia and the hypothalamus.'\nTestability: modalities: sMRI | brain regions: amygdala, thalamus, frontal | diseases: adhd, anxiety\nConfidence: 0.16 | Novelty: 0.60 | Evidence: 0.90 | Testability: 0.85", + "testability_reason": "modalities: sMRI | brain regions: amygdala, thalamus, frontal | diseases: adhd, anxiety", + "metadata": { + "dataset": "ADNI", + "input_modality": "sMRI", + "input_feature": "cortical thickness of Hypothalamus", + "input_level": "ROI", + "input_tool": "FreeSurfer", + "input_region": "Hypothalamus", + "outcome_type": "cognitive_function" + }, + "critic_score": 0.0, + "critic_feedback": [], + "critic_rounds": 0, + "evolve_score": 0.0 + }, + { + "id": "HYP:IMG:000845", + "hypothesis_type": "imaging", + "source_id": "NN:NN_TAL:10053", + "source_name": "cortical thickness of Postcentral Gyrus", + "target_id": "MSH:D017008", + "target_name": "Negotiating", + "path": [ + { + "from_id": "NN:NN_TAL:10053", + "from_name": "Postcentral Gyrus", + "to_id": "MSH:D009042", + "to_name": "Motivation", + "relation_type": "correlates_with", + "confidence": 0.42, + "claim_id": "CLM:a2f5f336c70a", + "raw_text": "Accordingly, motivational deficits were associated with lesions in orbitofrontal cortex, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, pre- and post-central gyri and basal ganglia, including putamen and pallidum.", + "evidence": { + "study_type": "cross_sectional", + "methodology": "MRI lesion data; multivariate support vector regression for lesion-symptom mapping; Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating interview", + "p_value": null, + "effect_size": null, + "effect_metric": "", + "sample_size": 200, + "replicability": "not_reported", + "direction": "positive" + }, + "source_paper": { + "pmid": "37908237", + "doi": "10.1093/braincomms/fcad275", + "title": "Neuroanatomy of post-stroke depression: the association between symptom clusters and lesion location.", + "authors": "Krick Sebastian, Koob Janusz L, Latarnik Sylvia, Volz Lukas J, Fink Gereon R", + "year": 2023, + "journal": "Brain communications" + } + }, + { + "from_id": "MSH:D009042", + "from_name": "Motivation", + "to_id": "MSH:D017008", + "to_name": "Negotiating", + "relation_type": "predicts", + "confidence": 0.325, + "claim_id": "CLM:5079e005973c", + "raw_text": "Reciprocal interactions between baseline ability level, the type of instructional techniques used, and motivation provide some explanatory power for the heterogeneity in patient response to cognitive remediation.", + "evidence": { + "study_type": "review", + "methodology": "narrative synthesis of moderators of cognitive remediation response", + "p_value": null, + "effect_size": null, + "effect_metric": "", + "sample_size": null, + "replicability": "not_reported", + "direction": "variable" + }, + "source_paper": { + "pmid": "19444614", + "doi": "10.1007/s11065-009-9097-y", + "title": "Cognitive remediation in schizophrenia.", + "authors": "Medalia Alice, Choi Jimmy", + "year": 2009, + "journal": "Neuropsychology review" + } + } + ], + "confidence_score": 0.24921376366485057, + "novelty_score": 0.6, + "evidence_score": 0.9, + "testability_score": 0.8, + "composite_score": 0.6036458437222039, + "supporting_claims": [ + "CLM:a2f5f336c70a", + "CLM:5079e005973c" + ], + "explanation": "Hypothesis: cortical thickness of Postcentral Gyrus may relate to Negotiating via 2-hop path.\nPath: Postcentral Gyrus --[correlates_with]--> Motivation --> Motivation --[predicts]--> Negotiating\nEvidence: 2 claims from 2 papers\nKey finding: 'Accordingly, motivational deficits were associated with lesions in orbitofrontal cortex, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, pre- and post-central gyri an...'\nTestability: modalities: sMRI | brain regions: cortex, gyrus, putamen, pallidum\nConfidence: 0.25 | Novelty: 0.60 | Evidence: 0.90 | Testability: 0.80", + "testability_reason": "modalities: sMRI | brain regions: cortex, gyrus, putamen, pallidum", + "metadata": { + "dataset": "ADNI", + "input_modality": "sMRI", + "input_feature": "cortical thickness of Postcentral Gyrus", + "input_level": "ROI", + "input_tool": "FreeSurfer", + "input_region": "Postcentral Gyrus", + "outcome_type": "cognitive_function" + }, + "critic_score": 0.0, + "critic_feedback": [], + "critic_rounds": 0, + "evolve_score": 0.0 + }, + { + "id": "HYP:IMG:001089", + "hypothesis_type": "imaging", + "source_id": "CLM_CONCEPT:visual_perceptual_areas_of_the_ventral_temporal_pathway", + "source_name": "cortical thickness of visual perceptual areas of the ventral temporal pathway", + "target_id": "MSH:D001289", + "target_name": "Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity", + "path": [ + { + "from_id": "CLM_CONCEPT:visual_perceptual_areas_of_the_ventral_temporal_pathway", + "from_name": "visual perceptual areas of the ventral temporal pathway", + "to_id": "COGAT_CONCEPT:trm_4a3fd79d0a746", + "to_name": "knowledge", + "relation_type": "is_associated_with", + "confidence": 0.325, + "claim_id": "CLM:34f939c11744", + "raw_text": "Moreover, there are now some provocative data to suggest that visual perceptual areas of the ventral temporal pathway are also involved in important ways in representations of the semantic attributes of people, social knowledge and social cognition.", + "evidence": { + "study_type": "review", + "methodology": "review of provocative data from literature", + "p_value": null, + "effect_size": null, + "effect_metric": "", + "sample_size": null, + "replicability": "not_reported", + "direction": "positive" + }, + "source_paper": { + "pmid": "15749240", + "doi": "10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2004.12.012", + "title": "Developmental deficits in social perception in autism: the role of the amygdala and fusiform face area.", + "authors": "Schultz Robert T", + "year": 2005, + "journal": "International journal of developmental neuroscience : the official journal of the International Society for Developmental Neuroscience" + } + }, + { + "from_id": "COGAT_CONCEPT:trm_4a3fd79d0a746", + "from_name": "knowledge", + "to_id": "MSH:D001289", + "to_name": "Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity", + "relation_type": "causes", + "confidence": 0.325, + "claim_id": "CLM:ddb437f4afd7", + "raw_text": "The stigma surrounding ADHD, mainly due to lack of knowledge, increases the suffering of patients.", + "evidence": { + "study_type": "review", + "methodology": "Updated European consensus statement reviewing research evidence and clinical experience from experts", + "p_value": null, + "effect_size": null, + "effect_metric": "", + "sample_size": null, + "replicability": "not_reported", + "direction": "positive" + }, + "source_paper": { + "pmid": "30453134", + "doi": "10.1016/j.eurpsy.2018.11.001", + "title": "Updated European Consensus Statement on diagnosis and treatment of adult ADHD.", + "authors": "Kooij J J S, Bijlenga D, Salerno L, Jaeschke R, Bitter I", + "year": 2019, + "journal": "European psychiatry : the journal of the Association of European Psychiatrists" + } + } + ], + "confidence_score": 0.1625, + "novelty_score": 0.6000000000000001, + "evidence_score": 0.9, + "testability_score": 0.3, + "composite_score": 0.393141985528263, + "supporting_claims": [ + "CLM:34f939c11744", + "CLM:ddb437f4afd7" + ], + "explanation": "Hypothesis: cortical thickness of visual perceptual areas of the ventral temporal pathway may relate to Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity via 2-hop path.\nPath: visual perceptual areas of the ventral temporal pathway --[is_associated_with]--> knowledge --> knowledge --[causes]--> Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity\nEvidence: 2 claims from 2 papers\nKey finding: 'Moreover, there are now some provocative data to suggest that visual perceptual areas of the ventral temporal pathway are also involved in important w...'\nTestability: no imaging modality detected\nConfidence: 0.16 | Novelty: 0.60 | Evidence: 0.90 | Testability: 0.30", + "testability_reason": "no imaging modality detected", + "metadata": { + "dataset": "ADNI", + "input_modality": "sMRI", + "input_feature": "cortical thickness of visual perceptual areas of the ventral temporal pathway", + "input_level": "ROI", + "input_tool": "FreeSurfer", + "input_region": "visual perceptual areas of the ventral temporal pathway", + "outcome_type": "disease" + }, + "critic_score": 0.0, + "critic_feedback": [], + "critic_rounds": 0, + "evolve_score": 0.0 + }, + { + "id": "HYP:IMG:001090", + "hypothesis_type": "imaging", + "source_id": "CLM_CONCEPT:visual_perceptual_areas_of_the_ventral_temporal_pathway", + "source_name": "cortical thickness of visual perceptual areas of the ventral temporal pathway", + "target_id": "MSH:D004827", + "target_name": "Epilepsy", + "path": [ + { + "from_id": "CLM_CONCEPT:visual_perceptual_areas_of_the_ventral_temporal_pathway", + "from_name": "visual perceptual areas of the ventral temporal pathway", + "to_id": "COGAT_CONCEPT:trm_4a3fd79d0a746", + "to_name": "knowledge", + "relation_type": "is_associated_with", + "confidence": 0.325, + "claim_id": "CLM:34f939c11744", + "raw_text": "Moreover, there are now some provocative data to suggest that visual perceptual areas of the ventral temporal pathway are also involved in important ways in representations of the semantic attributes of people, social knowledge and social cognition.", + "evidence": { + "study_type": "review", + "methodology": "review of provocative data from literature", + "p_value": null, + "effect_size": null, + "effect_metric": "", + "sample_size": null, + "replicability": "not_reported", + "direction": "positive" + }, + "source_paper": { + "pmid": "15749240", + "doi": "10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2004.12.012", + "title": "Developmental deficits in social perception in autism: the role of the amygdala and fusiform face area.", + "authors": "Schultz Robert T", + "year": 2005, + "journal": "International journal of developmental neuroscience : the official journal of the International Society for Developmental Neuroscience" + } + }, + { + "from_id": "COGAT_CONCEPT:trm_4a3fd79d0a746", + "from_name": "knowledge", + "to_id": "MSH:D004827", + "to_name": "Epilepsy", + "relation_type": "causes", + "confidence": 0.325, + "claim_id": "CLM:519218bcca64", + "raw_text": "Errors in the interpretation of MRI in epilepsy can be attributed mainly to poor technique and perceptual misses, but incomplete knowledge and poor judgment are also possible sources.", + "evidence": { + "study_type": "review", + "methodology": "critical review of clinical structural MRI in focal epilepsy", + "p_value": null, + "effect_size": null, + "effect_metric": "", + "sample_size": null, + "replicability": "not_reported", + "direction": "positive" + }, + "source_paper": { + "pmid": "19236945", + "doi": "10.1016/j.yebeh.2009.02.032", + "title": "Clinical MRI in children and adults with focal epilepsy: a critical review.", + "authors": "Woermann Friedrich G, Vollmar Christian", + "year": 2009, + "journal": "Epilepsy & behavior : E&B" + } + } + ], + "confidence_score": 0.1625, + "novelty_score": 0.6000000000000001, + "evidence_score": 0.9, + "testability_score": 0.6499999999999999, + "composite_score": 0.5153196016118904, + "supporting_claims": [ + "CLM:34f939c11744", + "CLM:519218bcca64" + ], + "explanation": "Hypothesis: cortical thickness of visual perceptual areas of the ventral temporal pathway may relate to Epilepsy via 2-hop path.\nPath: visual perceptual areas of the ventral temporal pathway --[is_associated_with]--> knowledge --> knowledge --[causes]--> Epilepsy\nEvidence: 2 claims from 2 papers\nKey finding: 'Moreover, there are now some provocative data to suggest that visual perceptual areas of the ventral temporal pathway are also involved in important w...'\nTestability: modalities: EEG | brain regions: temporal | diseases: epilepsy\nConfidence: 0.16 | Novelty: 0.60 | Evidence: 0.90 | Testability: 0.65", + "testability_reason": "modalities: EEG | brain regions: temporal | diseases: epilepsy", + "metadata": { + "dataset": "ADNI", + "input_modality": "sMRI", + "input_feature": "cortical thickness of visual perceptual areas of the ventral temporal pathway", + "input_level": "ROI", + "input_tool": "FreeSurfer", + "input_region": "visual perceptual areas of the ventral temporal pathway", + "outcome_type": "disease" + }, + "critic_score": 0.0, + "critic_feedback": [], + "critic_rounds": 0, + "evolve_score": 0.0 + }, + { + "id": "HYP:IMG:001334", + "hypothesis_type": "imaging", + "source_id": "CLM_CONCEPT:mid-cingulate_activity", + "source_name": "cortical thickness of mid-cingulate activity", + "target_id": "COGAT_DISORDER:dso_10933", + "target_name": "obsessive-compulsive disorder", + "path": [ + { + "from_id": "CLM_CONCEPT:mid-cingulate_activity", + "from_name": "mid-cingulate activity", + "to_id": "MSH:D000078382", + "to_name": "Disgust", + "relation_type": "mediates", + "confidence": 0.44000000000000006, + "claim_id": "CLM:600ae51787f6", + "raw_text": "Moreover, activity in the mid-insula and mid-cingulate significantly mediated relationships between the microbial tryptophan metabolites (indolelactate and tryptophan betaine) and ASD severity and disgust sensitivity.", + "evidence": { + "study_type": "fMRI", + "methodology": "cross-sectional case-control observational mediation analysis using fecal metabolomics, task-based fMRI, and behavioral assessments", + "p_value": null, + "effect_size": null, + "effect_metric": "", + "sample_size": 84, + "replicability": "single_sample; replication_not_reported", + "direction": "mediated relationship; direction not_reported" + }, + "source_paper": { + "pmid": "40229237", + "doi": "10.1038/s41467-025-58459-1", + "title": "Relationships between brain activity, tryptophan-related gut metabolites, and autism symptomatology.", + "authors": "Aziz-Zadeh Lisa, Ringold Sofronia M, Jayashankar Aditya, Kilroy Emily, Butera Christiana", + "year": 2025, + "journal": "Nature communications" + } + }, + { + "from_id": "MSH:D000078382", + "from_name": "Disgust", + "to_id": "COGAT_DISORDER:dso_10933", + "to_name": "obsessive-compulsive disorder", + "relation_type": "is_associated_with", + "confidence": 0.275, + "claim_id": "CLM:e0fb93f699c3", + "raw_text": "Based on the hypothesis that a central emotion in OCD is disgust, the authors review the literature on its psychobiology and its relevance to current models of OCD.", + "evidence": { + "study_type": "narrative_review", + "methodology": "review of literature on psychobiology of disgust and relevance to obsessive-compulsive disorder models", + "p_value": null, + "effect_size": null, + "effect_metric": "", + "sample_size": null, + "replicability": "not_reported", + "direction": "positive" + }, + "source_paper": { + "pmid": "11470034", + "doi": "10.1007/s11920-001-0020-3", + "title": "The psychobiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder: how important is the role of disgust?", + "authors": "Stein D J, Liu Y, Shapira N A, Goodman W K", + "year": 2001, + "journal": "Current psychiatry reports" + } + } + ], + "confidence_score": 0.2422498710009977, + "novelty_score": 0.6000000000000001, + "evidence_score": 0.9, + "testability_score": 0.85, + "composite_score": 0.6131061173419609, + "supporting_claims": [ + "CLM:600ae51787f6", + "CLM:e0fb93f699c3" + ], + "explanation": "Hypothesis: cortical thickness of mid-cingulate activity may relate to obsessive-compulsive disorder via 2-hop path.\nPath: mid-cingulate activity --[mediates]--> Disgust --> Disgust --[is_associated_with]--> obsessive-compulsive disorder\nEvidence: 2 claims from 2 papers\nKey finding: 'Moreover, activity in the mid-insula and mid-cingulate significantly mediated relationships between the microbial tryptophan metabolites (indolelactat...'\nTestability: modalities: sMRI, EEG | brain regions: insula\nConfidence: 0.24 | Novelty: 0.60 | Evidence: 0.90 | Testability: 0.85", + "testability_reason": "modalities: sMRI, EEG | brain regions: insula", + "metadata": { + "dataset": "ADNI", + "input_modality": "sMRI", + "input_feature": "cortical thickness of mid-cingulate activity", + "input_level": "ROI", + "input_tool": "FreeSurfer", + "input_region": "mid-cingulate activity", + "outcome_type": "disease" + }, + "critic_score": 0.0, + "critic_feedback": [], + "critic_rounds": 0, + "evolve_score": 0.0 + }, + { + "id": "HYP:IMG:001370", + "hypothesis_type": "imaging", + "source_id": "NN:303", + "source_name": "cortical thickness of Middle Temporal Gyrus", + "target_id": "COGAT_DISORDER:dso_3312", + "target_name": "bipolar disorder", + "path": [ + { + "from_id": "NN:303", + "from_name": "Middle Temporal Gyrus", + "to_id": "NN:300", + "to_name": "Temporal Lobe", + "relation_type": "part_of", + "confidence": 1.0, + "claim_id": "", + "raw_text": "", + "evidence": {}, + "source_paper": {} + }, + { + "from_id": "NN:300", + "from_name": "Temporal Lobe", + "to_id": "COGAT_DISORDER:dso_3312", + "to_name": "bipolar disorder", + "relation_type": "activates", + "confidence": 0.65, + "claim_id": "CLM:b2f7863e2f07", + "raw_text": "", + "evidence": {}, + "source_paper": {} + } + ], + "confidence_score": 0.34264595430268835, + "novelty_score": 0.65, + "evidence_score": 0.36742346141747667, + "testability_score": 0.3, + "composite_score": 0.38924520994064576, + "supporting_claims": [ + "CLM:b2f7863e2f07" + ], + "explanation": "Hypothesis: cortical thickness of Middle Temporal Gyrus may relate to bipolar disorder via 2-hop path.\nPath: Middle Temporal Gyrus --[part_of]--> Temporal Lobe --> Temporal Lobe --[activates]--> bipolar disorder\nEvidence: 1 claims from 0 papers\nTestability: no imaging modality detected\nConfidence: 0.34 | Novelty: 0.65 | Evidence: 0.37 | Testability: 0.30", + "testability_reason": "no imaging modality detected", + "metadata": { + "dataset": "ADNI", + "input_modality": "sMRI", + "input_feature": "cortical thickness of Middle Temporal Gyrus", + "input_level": "ROI", + "input_tool": "FreeSurfer", + "input_region": "Middle Temporal Gyrus", + "outcome_type": "disease" + }, + "critic_score": 0.0, + "critic_feedback": [], + "critic_rounds": 0, + "evolve_score": 0.0 + }, + { + "id": "HYP:IMG:001677", + "hypothesis_type": "imaging_connectivity", + "source_id": "NN:NN_TAL:10053", + "source_name": "functional connectivity between Postcentral Gyrus and Temporal Lobe", + "target_id": "COGAT_CONCEPT:trm_4a3fd79d09902", + "target_name": "attention", + "path": [ + { + "from_id": "NN:NN_TAL:10053", + "from_name": "Postcentral Gyrus", + "to_id": "MSH:D009042", + "to_name": "Motivation", + "relation_type": "correlates_with", + "confidence": 0.42, + "claim_id": "CLM:a2f5f336c70a", + "raw_text": "Accordingly, motivational deficits were associated with lesions in orbitofrontal cortex, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, pre- and post-central gyri and basal ganglia, including putamen and pallidum.", + "evidence": { + "study_type": "cross_sectional", + "methodology": "MRI lesion data; multivariate support vector regression for lesion-symptom mapping; Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating interview", + "p_value": null, + "effect_size": null, + "effect_metric": "", + "sample_size": 200, + "replicability": "not_reported", + "direction": "positive" + }, + "source_paper": { + "pmid": "37908237", + "doi": "10.1093/braincomms/fcad275", + "title": "Neuroanatomy of post-stroke depression: the association between symptom clusters and lesion location.", + "authors": "Krick Sebastian, Koob Janusz L, Latarnik Sylvia, Volz Lukas J, Fink Gereon R", + "year": 2023, + "journal": "Brain communications" + } + }, + { + "from_id": "MSH:D009042", + "from_name": "Motivation", + "to_id": "COGAT_CONCEPT:trm_4a3fd79d09902", + "to_name": "attention", + "relation_type": "distinguishes", + "confidence": 0.275, + "claim_id": "CLM:dad3db2e04ed", + "raw_text": "Differentiating executive inhibition (believed to be largely dopaminergic and frontal/frontal-striatal in nature) from motivational inhibition (believed to be largely noradrenergic/serotonergic and limbic in nature) is necessary to distinguish subtypes of youth with attentional and aggressive problems, and to differentiate key etiologic processes.", + "evidence": { + "study_type": "narrative_review", + "methodology": "conceptual differentiation of inhibitory processes", + "p_value": null, + "effect_size": null, + "effect_metric": "", + "sample_size": null, + "replicability": "not_reported", + "direction": "not_reported" + }, + "source_paper": { + "pmid": "14998881", + "doi": "10.1196/annals.1301.016", + "title": "Impulsivity, emotion regulation, and developmental psychopathology: specificity versus generality of linkages.", + "authors": "Hinshaw Stephen P", + "year": 2003, + "journal": "Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences" + } + } + ], + "confidence_score": 0.2292433205133794, + "novelty_score": 0.6, + "evidence_score": 0.9, + "testability_score": 0.8500000000000001, + "composite_score": 0.6063763807867708, + "supporting_claims": [ + "CLM:a2f5f336c70a", + "CLM:dad3db2e04ed" + ], + "explanation": "Hypothesis: functional connectivity between Postcentral Gyrus and Temporal Lobe may relate to attention via 2-hop path.\nPath: Postcentral Gyrus --[correlates_with]--> Motivation --> Motivation --[distinguishes]--> attention\nEvidence: 2 claims from 2 papers\nKey finding: 'Accordingly, motivational deficits were associated with lesions in orbitofrontal cortex, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, pre- and post-central gyri an...'\nTestability: modalities: sMRI | brain regions: cortex, gyrus, putamen, pallidum\nConfidence: 0.23 | Novelty: 0.60 | Evidence: 0.90 | Testability: 0.85", + "testability_reason": "modalities: sMRI | brain regions: cortex, gyrus, putamen, pallidum", + "metadata": { + "dataset": "ADNI", + "input_modality": "fMRI", + "input_feature": "functional connectivity between Postcentral Gyrus and Temporal Lobe", + "input_level": "connectivity", + "input_tool": "rfMRI", + "input_region_a": "Postcentral Gyrus", + "input_region_b": "Temporal Lobe", + "input_region": "Postcentral Gyrus - Temporal Lobe", + "outcome_type": "cognitive_function" + }, + "critic_score": 0.0, + "critic_feedback": [], + "critic_rounds": 0, + "evolve_score": 0.0 + }, + { + "id": "HYP:IMG:001678", + "hypothesis_type": "imaging_connectivity", + "source_id": "NN:NN_TAL:10053", + "source_name": "functional connectivity between Postcentral Gyrus and Temporal Lobe", + "target_id": "CLM_CONCEPT:stimulant_misuse", + "target_name": "stimulant misuse", + "path": [ + { + "from_id": "NN:NN_TAL:10053", + "from_name": "Postcentral Gyrus", + "to_id": "MSH:D009042", + "to_name": "Motivation", + "relation_type": "correlates_with", + "confidence": 0.42, + "claim_id": "CLM:a2f5f336c70a", + "raw_text": "Accordingly, motivational deficits were associated with lesions in orbitofrontal cortex, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, pre- and post-central gyri and basal ganglia, including putamen and pallidum.", + "evidence": { + "study_type": "cross_sectional", + "methodology": "MRI lesion data; multivariate support vector regression for lesion-symptom mapping; Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating interview", + "p_value": null, + "effect_size": null, + "effect_metric": "", + "sample_size": 200, + "replicability": "not_reported", + "direction": "positive" + }, + "source_paper": { + "pmid": "37908237", + "doi": "10.1093/braincomms/fcad275", + "title": "Neuroanatomy of post-stroke depression: the association between symptom clusters and lesion location.", + "authors": "Krick Sebastian, Koob Janusz L, Latarnik Sylvia, Volz Lukas J, Fink Gereon R", + "year": 2023, + "journal": "Brain communications" + } + }, + { + "from_id": "MSH:D009042", + "from_name": "Motivation", + "to_id": "CLM_CONCEPT:stimulant_misuse", + "to_name": "stimulant misuse", + "relation_type": "causes", + "confidence": 0.275, + "claim_id": "CLM:3086ba495bd9", + "raw_text": "Although academic motivations primarily drive misuse, it is unclear whether prescription ADHD stimulants enhance cognition.", + "evidence": { + "study_type": "narrative_review", + "methodology": "narrative review; no primary empirical methods reported in abstract", + "p_value": null, + "effect_size": null, + "effect_metric": "", + "sample_size": null, + "replicability": "not_reported", + "direction": "increases misuse" + }, + "source_paper": { + "pmid": "31679601", + "doi": "10.1016/j.pcl.2019.08.006", + "title": "Prescription Stimulants: From Cognitive Enhancement to Misuse.", + "authors": "Wilens Timothy E, Kaminski Tamar Arit", + "year": 2019, + "journal": "Pediatric clinics of North America" + } + } + ], + "confidence_score": 0.2292433205133794, + "novelty_score": 0.65, + "evidence_score": 0.9, + "testability_score": 0.8500000000000001, + "composite_score": 0.6186326012937707, + "supporting_claims": [ + "CLM:a2f5f336c70a", + "CLM:3086ba495bd9" + ], + "explanation": "Hypothesis: functional connectivity between Postcentral Gyrus and Temporal Lobe may relate to stimulant misuse via 2-hop path.\nPath: Postcentral Gyrus --[correlates_with]--> Motivation --> Motivation --[causes]--> stimulant misuse\nEvidence: 2 claims from 2 papers\nKey finding: 'Accordingly, motivational deficits were associated with lesions in orbitofrontal cortex, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, pre- and post-central gyri an...'\nTestability: modalities: sMRI | brain regions: cortex, gyrus, putamen, pallidum | diseases: adhd\nConfidence: 0.23 | Novelty: 0.65 | Evidence: 0.90 | Testability: 0.85", + "testability_reason": "modalities: sMRI | brain regions: cortex, gyrus, putamen, pallidum | diseases: adhd", + "metadata": { + "dataset": "ADNI", + "input_modality": "fMRI", + "input_feature": "functional connectivity between Postcentral Gyrus and Temporal Lobe", + "input_level": "connectivity", + "input_tool": "rfMRI", + "input_region_a": "Postcentral Gyrus", + "input_region_b": "Temporal Lobe", + "input_region": "Postcentral Gyrus - Temporal Lobe", + "outcome_type": "disease" + }, + "critic_score": 0.0, + "critic_feedback": [], + "critic_rounds": 0, + "evolve_score": 0.0 + }, + { + "id": "HYP:IMG:001679", + "hypothesis_type": "imaging_connectivity", + "source_id": "NN:NN_TAL:10053", + "source_name": "functional connectivity between Postcentral Gyrus and Temporal Lobe", + "target_id": "MSH:D009473", + "target_name": "Neuronal Plasticity", + "path": [ + { + "from_id": "NN:NN_TAL:10053", + "from_name": "Postcentral Gyrus", + "to_id": "MSH:D009042", + "to_name": "Motivation", + "relation_type": "correlates_with", + "confidence": 0.42, + "claim_id": "CLM:a2f5f336c70a", + "raw_text": "Accordingly, motivational deficits were associated with lesions in orbitofrontal cortex, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, pre- and post-central gyri and basal ganglia, including putamen and pallidum.", + "evidence": { + "study_type": "cross_sectional", + "methodology": "MRI lesion data; multivariate support vector regression for lesion-symptom mapping; Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating interview", + "p_value": null, + "effect_size": null, + "effect_metric": "", + "sample_size": 200, + "replicability": "not_reported", + "direction": "positive" + }, + "source_paper": { + "pmid": "37908237", + "doi": "10.1093/braincomms/fcad275", + "title": "Neuroanatomy of post-stroke depression: the association between symptom clusters and lesion location.", + "authors": "Krick Sebastian, Koob Janusz L, Latarnik Sylvia, Volz Lukas J, Fink Gereon R", + "year": 2023, + "journal": "Brain communications" + } + }, + { + "from_id": "MSH:D009042", + "from_name": "Motivation", + "to_id": "MSH:D009473", + "to_name": "Neuronal Plasticity", + "relation_type": "increases", + "confidence": 0.275, + "claim_id": "CLM:0f343f0d24b1", + "raw_text": "We discuss some advantages of BCI for both assessment and training purposes, the former concerning the possibility of longitudinally and reliably evaluating cognitive functions in patients with severe motor disabilities, the latter regarding the possibility of enhancing patients' motivation and engagement for improving neural plasticity.", + "evidence": { + "study_type": "narrative_review", + "methodology": "discussion of proposed advantage of BCI-based cognitive training", + "p_value": null, + "effect_size": null, + "effect_metric": "", + "sample_size": null, + "replicability": "not_reported", + "direction": "increased" + }, + "source_paper": { + "pmid": "28913349", + "doi": "10.1155/2017/1695290", + "title": "Brain-Computer Interface for Clinical Purposes: Cognitive Assessment and Rehabilitation.", + "authors": "Carelli Laura, Solca Federica, Faini Andrea, Meriggi Paolo, Sangalli Davide", + "year": 2017, + "journal": "BioMed research international" + } + } + ], + "confidence_score": 0.2292433205133794, + "novelty_score": 0.6, + "evidence_score": 0.9, + "testability_score": 0.8, + "composite_score": 0.5936454561800114, + "supporting_claims": [ + "CLM:a2f5f336c70a", + "CLM:0f343f0d24b1" + ], + "explanation": "Hypothesis: functional connectivity between Postcentral Gyrus and Temporal Lobe may relate to Neuronal Plasticity via 2-hop path.\nPath: Postcentral Gyrus --[correlates_with]--> Motivation --> Motivation --[increases]--> Neuronal Plasticity\nEvidence: 2 claims from 2 papers\nKey finding: 'Accordingly, motivational deficits were associated with lesions in orbitofrontal cortex, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, pre- and post-central gyri an...'\nTestability: modalities: sMRI | brain regions: cortex, gyrus, putamen, pallidum\nConfidence: 0.23 | Novelty: 0.60 | Evidence: 0.90 | Testability: 0.80", + "testability_reason": "modalities: sMRI | brain regions: cortex, gyrus, putamen, pallidum", + "metadata": { + "dataset": "ADNI", + "input_modality": "fMRI", + "input_feature": "functional connectivity between Postcentral Gyrus and Temporal Lobe", + "input_level": "connectivity", + "input_tool": "rfMRI", + "input_region_a": "Postcentral Gyrus", + "input_region_b": "Temporal Lobe", + "input_region": "Postcentral Gyrus - Temporal Lobe", + "outcome_type": "cognitive_function" + }, + "critic_score": 0.0, + "critic_feedback": [], + "critic_rounds": 0, + "evolve_score": 0.0 + }, + { + "id": "HYP:IMG:001680", + "hypothesis_type": "imaging_connectivity", + "source_id": "NN:NN_TAL:10053", + "source_name": "functional connectivity between Postcentral Gyrus and Temporal Lobe", + "target_id": "COGAT_CONCEPT:trm_4fafd1626bf2b", + "target_name": "addiction", + "path": [ + { + "from_id": "NN:NN_TAL:10053", + "from_name": "Postcentral Gyrus", + "to_id": "MSH:D009042", + "to_name": "Motivation", + "relation_type": "correlates_with", + "confidence": 0.42, + "claim_id": "CLM:a2f5f336c70a", + "raw_text": "Accordingly, motivational deficits were associated with lesions in orbitofrontal cortex, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, pre- and post-central gyri and basal ganglia, including putamen and pallidum.", + "evidence": { + "study_type": "cross_sectional", + "methodology": "MRI lesion data; multivariate support vector regression for lesion-symptom mapping; Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating interview", + "p_value": null, + "effect_size": null, + "effect_metric": "", + "sample_size": 200, + "replicability": "not_reported", + "direction": "positive" + }, + "source_paper": { + "pmid": "37908237", + "doi": "10.1093/braincomms/fcad275", + "title": "Neuroanatomy of post-stroke depression: the association between symptom clusters and lesion location.", + "authors": "Krick Sebastian, Koob Janusz L, Latarnik Sylvia, Volz Lukas J, Fink Gereon R", + "year": 2023, + "journal": "Brain communications" + } + }, + { + "from_id": "MSH:D009042", + "from_name": "Motivation", + "to_id": "COGAT_CONCEPT:trm_4fafd1626bf2b", + "to_name": "addiction", + "relation_type": "treats", + "confidence": 0.325, + "claim_id": "CLM:3c456c156fb8", + "raw_text": "Some psychotherapies (e.g., cognitive behavioral therapy, motivational interviewing) and medical treatments (e.g., antidepressant drugs, methylphenidate) for comorbid mental disorders as well as rehabilitation (e.g., treatment camp) are effective for IA remission.", + "evidence": { + "study_type": "review", + "methodology": "narrative summary of psychotherapies for Internet addiction", + "p_value": null, + "effect_size": null, + "effect_metric": "", + "sample_size": null, + "replicability": "not_reported", + "direction": "effective for remission" + }, + "source_paper": { + "pmid": "26394521", + "doi": "", + "title": "[Internet addiction].", + "authors": "Nakayama Hideki, Higuchi Susumu", + "year": 2015, + "journal": "Nihon rinsho. Japanese journal of clinical medicine" + } + } + ], + "confidence_score": 0.24921376366485057, + "novelty_score": 0.6, + "evidence_score": 0.9, + "testability_score": 0.8, + "composite_score": 0.6036458437222039, + "supporting_claims": [ + "CLM:a2f5f336c70a", + "CLM:3c456c156fb8" + ], + "explanation": "Hypothesis: functional connectivity between Postcentral Gyrus and Temporal Lobe may relate to addiction via 2-hop path.\nPath: Postcentral Gyrus --[correlates_with]--> Motivation --> Motivation --[treats]--> addiction\nEvidence: 2 claims from 2 papers\nKey finding: 'Accordingly, motivational deficits were associated with lesions in orbitofrontal cortex, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, pre- and post-central gyri an...'\nTestability: modalities: sMRI | brain regions: cortex, gyrus, putamen, pallidum\nConfidence: 0.25 | Novelty: 0.60 | Evidence: 0.90 | Testability: 0.80", + "testability_reason": "modalities: sMRI | brain regions: cortex, gyrus, putamen, pallidum", + "metadata": { + "dataset": "ADNI", + "input_modality": "fMRI", + "input_feature": "functional connectivity between Postcentral Gyrus and Temporal Lobe", + "input_level": "connectivity", + "input_tool": "rfMRI", + "input_region_a": "Postcentral Gyrus", + "input_region_b": "Temporal Lobe", + "input_region": "Postcentral Gyrus - Temporal Lobe", + "outcome_type": "cognitive_function" + }, + "critic_score": 0.0, + "critic_feedback": [], + "critic_rounds": 0, + "evolve_score": 0.0 + }, + { + "id": "HYP:IMG:001699", + "hypothesis_type": "imaging_connectivity", + "source_id": "NN:602", + "source_name": "functional connectivity between Posterior Insula and Caudate Nucleus", + "target_id": "MSH:D057565", + "target_name": "Apathy", + "path": [ + { + "from_id": "NN:602", + "from_name": "Posterior Insula", + "to_id": "NN:600", + "to_name": "Insular Cortex", + "relation_type": "part_of", + "confidence": 1.0, + "claim_id": "", + "raw_text": "", + "evidence": {}, + "source_paper": {} + }, + { + "from_id": "NN:600", + "from_name": "Insular Cortex", + "to_id": "COGAT_CONCEPT:trm_4a3fd79d09735", + "to_name": "action", + "relation_type": "mediates", + "confidence": 0.325, + "claim_id": "CLM:e4d6fb141852", + "raw_text": "We particularly draw special attention to IC as a unique cortical area that mediates multisensory integration, encoding of ongoing social interaction, social decision-making, emotion, and empathy.", + "evidence": { + "study_type": "review", + "methodology": "review of neural circuit mechanisms underlying social behavior, emphasizing rodent studies using systems neuroscience approaches", + "p_value": null, + "effect_size": null, + "effect_metric": "", + "sample_size": null, + "replicability": "not_reported", + "direction": "positive" + }, + "source_paper": { + "pmid": "37612363", + "doi": "10.1038/s41380-023-02201-0", + "title": "Social circuits and their dysfunction in autism spectrum disorder.", + "authors": "Sato Masaaki, Nakai Nobuhiro, Fujima Shuhei, Choe Katrina Y, Takumi Toru", + "year": 2023, + "journal": "Molecular psychiatry" + } + }, + { + "from_id": "COGAT_CONCEPT:trm_4a3fd79d09735", + "from_name": "action", + "to_id": "MSH:D057565", + "to_name": "Apathy", + "relation_type": "causes", + "confidence": 0.325, + "claim_id": "CLM:a33781d71a4c", + "raw_text": "Apathy is a behavioural syndrome due to dysfunction of the process that gives rise to actions induced by external or personal stimuli.", + "evidence": { + "study_type": "review", + "methodology": "narrative description", + "p_value": null, + "effect_size": null, + "effect_metric": "", + "sample_size": null, + "replicability": "not_reported", + "direction": "positive" + }, + "source_paper": { + "pmid": "20388460", + "doi": "", + "title": "[Apathy in Parkinson's disease].", + "authors": "García-Ramos R, Villanueva C, del Val J, Matías-Guíu J", + "year": 2010, + "journal": "Neurologia (Barcelona, Spain)" + } + } + ], + "confidence_score": 0.22388855166249738, + "novelty_score": 0.7, + "evidence_score": 0.6240251469155713, + "testability_score": 0.8500000000000001, + "composite_score": 0.5829320444171617, + "supporting_claims": [ + "CLM:e4d6fb141852", + "CLM:a33781d71a4c" + ], + "explanation": "Hypothesis: functional connectivity between Posterior Insula and Caudate Nucleus may relate to Apathy via 3-hop path.\nPath: Posterior Insula --[part_of]--> Insular Cortex --> Insular Cortex --[mediates]--> action --> action --[causes]--> Apathy\nEvidence: 2 claims from 2 papers\nKey finding: 'We particularly draw special attention to IC as a unique cortical area that mediates multisensory integration, encoding of ongoing social interaction,...'\nTestability: modalities: sMRI | brain regions: cortex, insula\nConfidence: 0.22 | Novelty: 0.70 | Evidence: 0.62 | Testability: 0.85", + "testability_reason": "modalities: sMRI | brain regions: cortex, insula", + "metadata": { + "dataset": "ADNI", + "input_modality": "fMRI", + "input_feature": "functional connectivity between Posterior Insula and Caudate Nucleus", + "input_level": "connectivity", + "input_tool": "rfMRI", + "input_region_a": "Posterior Insula", + "input_region_b": "Caudate Nucleus", + "input_region": "Posterior Insula - Caudate Nucleus", + "outcome_type": "cognitive_function" + }, + "critic_score": 0.0, + "critic_feedback": [], + "critic_rounds": 0, + "evolve_score": 0.0 + }, + { + "id": "HYP:IMG:001780", + "hypothesis_type": "imaging_connectivity", + "source_id": "NN:NN_DOS:40004", + "source_name": "functional connectivity between fronto-parietal network and Amygdala", + "target_id": "MSH:D003866", + "target_name": "Depressive Disorder", + "path": [ + { + "from_id": "NN:NN_DOS:40004", + "from_name": "fronto-parietal network", + "to_id": "NN:4000", + "to_name": "Default Mode Network", + "relation_type": "part_of", + "confidence": 1.0, + "claim_id": "", + "raw_text": "", + "evidence": {}, + "source_paper": {} + }, + { + "from_id": "NN:4000", + "from_name": "Default Mode Network", + "to_id": "MSH:D003866", + "to_name": "Depressive Disorder", + "relation_type": "distinguishes", + "confidence": 0.5, + "claim_id": "CLM:b3eaa8dfa858", + "raw_text": "", + "evidence": {}, + "source_paper": {} + } + ], + "confidence_score": 0.3005203820042827, + "novelty_score": 0.65, + "evidence_score": 0.36742346141747667, + "testability_score": 0.85, + "composite_score": 0.5459251806141088, + "supporting_claims": [ + "CLM:b3eaa8dfa858" + ], + "explanation": "Hypothesis: functional connectivity between fronto-parietal network and Amygdala may relate to Depressive Disorder via 2-hop path.\nPath: fronto-parietal network --[part_of]--> Default Mode Network --> Default Mode Network --[distinguishes]--> Depressive Disorder\nEvidence: 1 claims from 0 papers\nTestability: modalities: fMRI, dMRI | brain regions: parietal\nConfidence: 0.30 | Novelty: 0.65 | Evidence: 0.37 | Testability: 0.85", + "testability_reason": "modalities: fMRI, dMRI | brain regions: parietal", + "metadata": { + "dataset": "ADNI", + "input_modality": "fMRI", + "input_feature": "functional connectivity between fronto-parietal network and Amygdala", + "input_level": "connectivity", + "input_tool": "rfMRI", + "input_region_a": "fronto-parietal network", + "input_region_b": "Amygdala", + "input_region": "fronto-parietal network - Amygdala", + "outcome_type": "disease" + }, + "critic_score": 0.0, + "critic_feedback": [], + "critic_rounds": 0, + "evolve_score": 0.0 + }, + { + "id": "HYP:IMG:001889", + "hypothesis_type": "imaging_connectivity", + "source_id": "NN:802", + "source_name": "functional connectivity between Hypothalamus and Medial temporal structures", + "target_id": "CLM_CONCEPT:ASD_symptomatology", + "target_name": "ASD symptomatology", + "path": [ + { + "from_id": "NN:802", + "from_name": "Hypothalamus", + "to_id": "MSH:D001007", + "to_name": "Anxiety", + "relation_type": "modulates", + "confidence": 0.325, + "claim_id": "CLM:5bf1257fd70e", + "raw_text": "These include the prefrontal cortical-amygdala circuit, the hippocampal formation, basal ganglia and the hypothalamus.", + "evidence": { + "study_type": "review", + "methodology": "review of neuronal circuitry studies in humans and preclinical models", + "p_value": null, + "effect_size": null, + "effect_metric": "", + "sample_size": null, + "replicability": "not_reported", + "direction": "not_reported" + }, + "source_paper": { + "pmid": "41494568", + "doi": "10.1016/j.neubiorev.2026.106547", + "title": "Comorbidity of autism spectrum disorders and anxiety disorders: Insights from neuronal circuitry studies.", + "authors": "Webster Jack F, Cousin Michael A", + "year": 2026, + "journal": "Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews" + } + }, + { + "from_id": "MSH:D001007", + "from_name": "Anxiety", + "to_id": "CLM_CONCEPT:ASD_symptomatology", + "to_name": "ASD symptomatology", + "relation_type": "modulates", + "confidence": 0.42, + "claim_id": "CLM:6042774d4fec", + "raw_text": "The key findings were that anxiety/depression and ASD symptomatology were significantly related, and family conflict was more predictive of ASD symptomatology than positive family/peer influences.", + "evidence": { + "study_type": "cross_sectional", + "methodology": "Parent-completed online questionnaires analyzed using a structural model-building approach", + "p_value": null, + "effect_size": null, + "effect_metric": "", + "sample_size": 322, + "replicability": "single study; further research needed", + "direction": "positive" + }, + "source_paper": { + "pmid": "18437549", + "doi": "10.1007/s10802-008-9234-8", + "title": "Autism spectrum symptomatology in children: the impact of family and peer relationships.", + "authors": "Kelly Adrian B, Garnett Michelle S, Attwood Tony, Peterson Candida", + "year": 2008, + "journal": "Journal of abnormal child psychology" + } + } + ], + "confidence_score": 0.21857492994394395, + "novelty_score": 0.65, + "evidence_score": 0.9, + "testability_score": 1.0, + "composite_score": 0.6486298194663891, + "supporting_claims": [ + "CLM:5bf1257fd70e", + "CLM:6042774d4fec" + ], + "explanation": "Hypothesis: functional connectivity between Hypothalamus and Medial temporal structures may relate to ASD symptomatology via 2-hop path.\nPath: Hypothalamus --[modulates]--> Anxiety --> Anxiety --[modulates]--> ASD symptomatology\nEvidence: 2 claims from 2 papers\nKey finding: 'These include the prefrontal cortical-amygdala circuit, the hippocampal formation, basal ganglia and the hypothalamus.'\nTestability: modalities: sMRI, dMRI | brain regions: amygdala, thalamus, frontal | diseases: depression, anxiety\nConfidence: 0.22 | Novelty: 0.65 | Evidence: 0.90 | Testability: 1.00", + "testability_reason": "modalities: sMRI, dMRI | brain regions: amygdala, thalamus, frontal | diseases: depression, anxiety", + "metadata": { + "dataset": "ADNI", + "input_modality": "fMRI", + "input_feature": "functional connectivity between Hypothalamus and Medial temporal structures", + "input_level": "connectivity", + "input_tool": "rfMRI", + "input_region_a": "Hypothalamus", + "input_region_b": "Medial temporal structures", + "input_region": "Hypothalamus - Medial temporal structures", + "outcome_type": "disease" + }, + "critic_score": 0.0, + "critic_feedback": [], + "critic_rounds": 0, + "evolve_score": 0.0 + }, + { + "id": "HYP:IMG:001896", + "hypothesis_type": "imaging_connectivity", + "source_id": "NN:NN_TAL:10053", + "source_name": "functional connectivity between Postcentral Gyrus and Thalamus", + "target_id": "MSH:D057565", + "target_name": "Apathy", + "path": [ + { + "from_id": "NN:NN_TAL:10053", + "from_name": "Postcentral Gyrus", + "to_id": "MSH:D009042", + "to_name": "Motivation", + "relation_type": "correlates_with", + "confidence": 0.42, + "claim_id": "CLM:a2f5f336c70a", + "raw_text": "Accordingly, motivational deficits were associated with lesions in orbitofrontal cortex, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, pre- and post-central gyri and basal ganglia, including putamen and pallidum.", + "evidence": { + "study_type": "cross_sectional", + "methodology": "MRI lesion data; multivariate support vector regression for lesion-symptom mapping; Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating interview", + "p_value": null, + "effect_size": null, + "effect_metric": "", + "sample_size": 200, + "replicability": "not_reported", + "direction": "positive" + }, + "source_paper": { + "pmid": "37908237", + "doi": "10.1093/braincomms/fcad275", + "title": "Neuroanatomy of post-stroke depression: the association between symptom clusters and lesion location.", + "authors": "Krick Sebastian, Koob Janusz L, Latarnik Sylvia, Volz Lukas J, Fink Gereon R", + "year": 2023, + "journal": "Brain communications" + } + }, + { + "from_id": "MSH:D009042", + "from_name": "Motivation", + "to_id": "MSH:D057565", + "to_name": "Apathy", + "relation_type": "causes", + "confidence": 0.35, + "claim_id": "CLM:e138b8699cd7", + "raw_text": "Thus, apathy seems to be a frequent and important companion of PD, in many cases probably due to a primary motivational impairment, possibly related to a frontosubcortical dysfunction.", + "evidence": { + "study_type": "cross_sectional", + "methodology": "interpretive conclusion from clinical, neuropsychological, and morphometric assessments", + "p_value": null, + "effect_size": null, + "effect_metric": "", + "sample_size": 30, + "replicability": "not_reported", + "direction": "positive" + }, + "source_paper": { + "pmid": "11921125", + "doi": "10.1002/mds.10041", + "title": "Clinical, neuropsychological, and morphometric correlates of apathy in Parkinson's disease.", + "authors": "Isella Valeria, Melzi Paola, Grimaldi Marco, Iurlaro Simona, Piolti Roberto", + "year": 2002, + "journal": "Movement disorders : official journal of the Movement Disorder Society" + } + } + ], + "confidence_score": 0.30600490192152147, + "novelty_score": 0.6, + "evidence_score": 0.9, + "testability_score": 0.8, + "composite_score": 0.6289461842366324, + "supporting_claims": [ + "CLM:a2f5f336c70a", + "CLM:e138b8699cd7" + ], + "explanation": "Hypothesis: functional connectivity between Postcentral Gyrus and Thalamus may relate to Apathy via 2-hop path.\nPath: Postcentral Gyrus --[correlates_with]--> Motivation --> Motivation --[causes]--> Apathy\nEvidence: 2 claims from 2 papers\nKey finding: 'Accordingly, motivational deficits were associated with lesions in orbitofrontal cortex, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, pre- and post-central gyri an...'\nTestability: modalities: sMRI | brain regions: cortex, gyrus, putamen, pallidum\nConfidence: 0.31 | Novelty: 0.60 | Evidence: 0.90 | Testability: 0.80", + "testability_reason": "modalities: sMRI | brain regions: cortex, gyrus, putamen, pallidum", + "metadata": { + "dataset": "ADNI", + "input_modality": "fMRI", + "input_feature": "functional connectivity between Postcentral Gyrus and Thalamus", + "input_level": "connectivity", + "input_tool": "rfMRI", + "input_region_a": "Postcentral Gyrus", + "input_region_b": "Thalamus", + "input_region": "Postcentral Gyrus - Thalamus", + "outcome_type": "cognitive_function" + }, + "critic_score": 0.0, + "critic_feedback": [], + "critic_rounds": 0, + "evolve_score": 0.0 + }, + { + "id": "HYP:IMG:001897", + "hypothesis_type": "imaging_connectivity", + "source_id": "NN:NN_TAL:10053", + "source_name": "functional connectivity between Postcentral Gyrus and Thalamus", + "target_id": "CLM_CONCEPT:verbal_and_visual_processing_deficits", + "target_name": "verbal and visual processing deficits", + "path": [ + { + "from_id": "NN:NN_TAL:10053", + "from_name": "Postcentral Gyrus", + "to_id": "MSH:D009042", + "to_name": "Motivation", + "relation_type": "correlates_with", + "confidence": 0.42, + "claim_id": "CLM:a2f5f336c70a", + "raw_text": "Accordingly, motivational deficits were associated with lesions in orbitofrontal cortex, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, pre- and post-central gyri and basal ganglia, including putamen and pallidum.", + "evidence": { + "study_type": "cross_sectional", + "methodology": "MRI lesion data; multivariate support vector regression for lesion-symptom mapping; Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating interview", + "p_value": null, + "effect_size": null, + "effect_metric": "", + "sample_size": 200, + "replicability": "not_reported", + "direction": "positive" + }, + "source_paper": { + "pmid": "37908237", + "doi": "10.1093/braincomms/fcad275", + "title": "Neuroanatomy of post-stroke depression: the association between symptom clusters and lesion location.", + "authors": "Krick Sebastian, Koob Janusz L, Latarnik Sylvia, Volz Lukas J, Fink Gereon R", + "year": 2023, + "journal": "Brain communications" + } + }, + { + "from_id": "MSH:D009042", + "from_name": "Motivation", + "to_id": "CLM_CONCEPT:verbal_and_visual_processing_deficits", + "to_name": "verbal and visual processing deficits", + "relation_type": "modulates", + "confidence": 0.325, + "claim_id": "CLM:8b0c62de5fa9", + "raw_text": "The present review summarizes the main paradigms and findings demonstrating emotional and motivational influences on visual processing.", + "evidence": { + "study_type": "review", + "methodology": "review of paradigms and findings", + "p_value": null, + "effect_size": null, + "effect_metric": "", + "sample_size": null, + "replicability": "not_reported", + "direction": "unspecified" + }, + "source_paper": { + "pmid": "25490197", + "doi": "10.1097/WCO.0000000000000159", + "title": "Affective and motivational control of vision.", + "authors": "Vuilleumier Patrik", + "year": 2015, + "journal": "Current opinion in neurology" + } + } + ], + "confidence_score": 0.24921376366485057, + "novelty_score": 0.6, + "evidence_score": 0.9, + "testability_score": 0.8, + "composite_score": 0.6036458437222039, + "supporting_claims": [ + "CLM:a2f5f336c70a", + "CLM:8b0c62de5fa9" + ], + "explanation": "Hypothesis: functional connectivity between Postcentral Gyrus and Thalamus may relate to verbal and visual processing deficits via 2-hop path.\nPath: Postcentral Gyrus --[correlates_with]--> Motivation --> Motivation --[modulates]--> verbal and visual processing deficits\nEvidence: 2 claims from 2 papers\nKey finding: 'Accordingly, motivational deficits were associated with lesions in orbitofrontal cortex, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, pre- and post-central gyri an...'\nTestability: modalities: sMRI | brain regions: cortex, gyrus, putamen, pallidum\nConfidence: 0.25 | Novelty: 0.60 | Evidence: 0.90 | Testability: 0.80", + "testability_reason": "modalities: sMRI | brain regions: cortex, gyrus, putamen, pallidum", + "metadata": { + "dataset": "ADNI", + "input_modality": "fMRI", + "input_feature": "functional connectivity between Postcentral Gyrus and Thalamus", + "input_level": "connectivity", + "input_tool": "rfMRI", + "input_region_a": "Postcentral Gyrus", + "input_region_b": "Thalamus", + "input_region": "Postcentral Gyrus - Thalamus", + "outcome_type": "cognitive_function" + }, + "critic_score": 0.0, + "critic_feedback": [], + "critic_rounds": 0, + "evolve_score": 0.0 + }, + { + "id": "HYP:IMG:001898", + "hypothesis_type": "imaging_connectivity", + "source_id": "NN:NN_TAL:10053", + "source_name": "functional connectivity between Postcentral Gyrus and Thalamus", + "target_id": "COGAT_DISORDER:dso_5419", + "target_name": "schizophrenia", + "path": [ + { + "from_id": "NN:NN_TAL:10053", + "from_name": "Postcentral Gyrus", + "to_id": "MSH:D009042", + "to_name": "Motivation", + "relation_type": "correlates_with", + "confidence": 0.42, + "claim_id": "CLM:a2f5f336c70a", + "raw_text": "Accordingly, motivational deficits were associated with lesions in orbitofrontal cortex, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, pre- and post-central gyri and basal ganglia, including putamen and pallidum.", + "evidence": { + "study_type": "cross_sectional", + "methodology": "MRI lesion data; multivariate support vector regression for lesion-symptom mapping; Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating interview", + "p_value": null, + "effect_size": null, + "effect_metric": "", + "sample_size": 200, + "replicability": "not_reported", + "direction": "positive" + }, + "source_paper": { + "pmid": "37908237", + "doi": "10.1093/braincomms/fcad275", + "title": "Neuroanatomy of post-stroke depression: the association between symptom clusters and lesion location.", + "authors": "Krick Sebastian, Koob Janusz L, Latarnik Sylvia, Volz Lukas J, Fink Gereon R", + "year": 2023, + "journal": "Brain communications" + } + }, + { + "from_id": "MSH:D009042", + "from_name": "Motivation", + "to_id": "COGAT_DISORDER:dso_5419", + "to_name": "schizophrenia", + "relation_type": "causes", + "confidence": 0.325, + "claim_id": "CLM:a4187d9558a2", + "raw_text": "The main implication of the presented model is that neither cognitive-motivational, nor social-cognitive deficits alone cause schizophrenia symptoms, but that symptoms only emerge by the interplay of disturbed social brain functioning with aberrant dopaminergic firing.", + "evidence": { + "study_type": "review", + "methodology": "Review and integrative theoretical model based on behavioral, functional imaging, and dopaminergic-firing findings", + "p_value": null, + "effect_size": null, + "effect_metric": "", + "sample_size": null, + "replicability": "not_reported", + "direction": "none" + }, + "source_paper": { + "pmid": "26728167", + "doi": "10.1007/7854_2015_427", + "title": "Social-Cognitive Deficits in Schizophrenia.", + "authors": "Mier Daniela, Kirsch Peter", + "year": 2017, + "journal": "Current topics in behavioral neurosciences" + } + } + ], + "confidence_score": 0.24921376366485057, + "novelty_score": 0.65, + "evidence_score": 0.9, + "testability_score": 0.9500000000000001, + "composite_score": 0.6540252382788121, + "supporting_claims": [ + "CLM:a2f5f336c70a", + "CLM:a4187d9558a2" + ], + "explanation": "Hypothesis: functional connectivity between Postcentral Gyrus and Thalamus may relate to schizophrenia via 2-hop path.\nPath: Postcentral Gyrus --[correlates_with]--> Motivation --> Motivation --[causes]--> schizophrenia\nEvidence: 2 claims from 2 papers\nKey finding: 'Accordingly, motivational deficits were associated with lesions in orbitofrontal cortex, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, pre- and post-central gyri an...'\nTestability: modalities: sMRI, EEG | brain regions: cortex, gyrus, putamen, pallidum | diseases: schizophrenia\nConfidence: 0.25 | Novelty: 0.65 | Evidence: 0.90 | Testability: 0.95", + "testability_reason": "modalities: sMRI, EEG | brain regions: cortex, gyrus, putamen, pallidum | diseases: schizophrenia", + "metadata": { + "dataset": "ADNI", + "input_modality": "fMRI", + "input_feature": "functional connectivity between Postcentral Gyrus and Thalamus", + "input_level": "connectivity", + "input_tool": "rfMRI", + "input_region_a": "Postcentral Gyrus", + "input_region_b": "Thalamus", + "input_region": "Postcentral Gyrus - Thalamus", + "outcome_type": "disease" + }, + "critic_score": 0.0, + "critic_feedback": [], + "critic_rounds": 0, + "evolve_score": 0.0 + }, + { + "id": "HYP:IMG:002120", + "hypothesis_type": "imaging_connectivity", + "source_id": "CLM_CONCEPT:visual_perceptual_areas_of_the_ventral_temporal_pathway", + "source_name": "functional connectivity between visual perceptual areas of the ventral temporal pathway and Hypothalamus, Anterior", + "target_id": "MSH:D000083505", + "target_name": "Social Interaction", + "path": [ + { + "from_id": "CLM_CONCEPT:visual_perceptual_areas_of_the_ventral_temporal_pathway", + "from_name": "visual perceptual areas of the ventral temporal pathway", + "to_id": "COGAT_CONCEPT:trm_4a3fd79d0b13d", + "to_name": "social cognition", + "relation_type": "is_associated_with", + "confidence": 0.325, + "claim_id": "CLM:0e6f15bcf21d", + "raw_text": "Moreover, there are now some provocative data to suggest that visual perceptual areas of the ventral temporal pathway are also involved in important ways in representations of the semantic attributes of people, social knowledge and social cognition.", + "evidence": { + "study_type": "review", + "methodology": "review of provocative data from literature", + "p_value": null, + "effect_size": null, + "effect_metric": "", + "sample_size": null, + "replicability": "not_reported", + "direction": "positive" + }, + "source_paper": { + "pmid": "15749240", + "doi": "10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2004.12.012", + "title": "Developmental deficits in social perception in autism: the role of the amygdala and fusiform face area.", + "authors": "Schultz Robert T", + "year": 2005, + "journal": "International journal of developmental neuroscience : the official journal of the International Society for Developmental Neuroscience" + } + }, + { + "from_id": "COGAT_CONCEPT:trm_4a3fd79d0b13d", + "from_name": "social cognition", + "to_id": "MSH:D000083505", + "to_name": "Social Interaction", + "relation_type": "increases", + "confidence": 0.275, + "claim_id": "CLM:1d60fbfea836", + "raw_text": "Treating social cognition yields significant improvements in real-world outcomes, including social functioning and social skill.", + "evidence": { + "study_type": "narrative_review", + "methodology": "review of treatment outcome findings", + "p_value": null, + "effect_size": null, + "effect_metric": "", + "sample_size": null, + "replicability": "not_reported", + "direction": "positive" + }, + "source_paper": { + "pmid": "24919166", + "doi": "10.4088/JCP.13065su1.04", + "title": "Social cognition in schizophrenia.", + "authors": "Pinkham Amy E", + "year": 2014, + "journal": "The Journal of clinical psychiatry" + } + } + ], + "confidence_score": 0.14947825928876748, + "novelty_score": 0.55, + "evidence_score": 0.9, + "testability_score": 0.3, + "composite_score": 0.37830947600399173, + "supporting_claims": [ + "CLM:0e6f15bcf21d", + "CLM:1d60fbfea836" + ], + "explanation": "Hypothesis: functional connectivity between visual perceptual areas of the ventral temporal pathway and Hypothalamus, Anterior may relate to Social Interaction via 2-hop path.\nPath: visual perceptual areas of the ventral temporal pathway --[is_associated_with]--> social cognition --> social cognition --[increases]--> Social Interaction\nEvidence: 2 claims from 2 papers\nKey finding: 'Moreover, there are now some provocative data to suggest that visual perceptual areas of the ventral temporal pathway are also involved in important w...'\nTestability: no imaging modality detected\nConfidence: 0.15 | Novelty: 0.55 | Evidence: 0.90 | Testability: 0.30", + "testability_reason": "no imaging modality detected", + "metadata": { + "dataset": "ADNI", + "input_modality": "fMRI", + "input_feature": "functional connectivity between visual perceptual areas of the ventral temporal pathway and Hypothalamus, Anterior", + "input_level": "connectivity", + "input_tool": "rfMRI", + "input_region_a": "visual perceptual areas of the ventral temporal pathway", + "input_region_b": "Hypothalamus, Anterior", + "input_region": "visual perceptual areas of the ventral temporal pathway - Hypothalamus, Anterior", + "outcome_type": "cognitive_function" + }, + "critic_score": 0.0, + "critic_feedback": [], + "critic_rounds": 0, + "evolve_score": 0.0 + }, + { + "id": "HYP:IMG:002257", + "hypothesis_type": "imaging_connectivity", + "source_id": "MSH:D019261", + "source_name": "functional connectivity between Epithalamus and Caudate Nucleus", + "target_id": "MSH:D000339", + "target_name": "Affect", + "path": [ + { + "from_id": "MSH:D019261", + "from_name": "Epithalamus", + "to_id": "NN:900", + "to_name": "Limbic System", + "relation_type": "is_a", + "confidence": 1.0, + "claim_id": "", + "raw_text": "", + "evidence": {}, + "source_paper": {} + }, + { + "from_id": "NN:900", + "from_name": "Limbic System", + "to_id": "MSH:D000339", + "to_name": "Affect", + "relation_type": "modulates", + "confidence": 0.5, + "claim_id": "CLM:82bd4d916114", + "raw_text": "", + "evidence": {}, + "source_paper": {} + } + ], + "confidence_score": 0.425, + "novelty_score": 0.65, + "evidence_score": 0.36742346141747667, + "testability_score": 0.75, + "composite_score": 0.5600295513109295, + "supporting_claims": [ + "CLM:82bd4d916114" + ], + "explanation": "Hypothesis: functional connectivity between Epithalamus and Caudate Nucleus may relate to Affect via 2-hop path.\nPath: Epithalamus --[is_a]--> Limbic System --> Limbic System --[modulates]--> Affect\nEvidence: 1 claims from 0 papers\nTestability: modalities: sMRI | brain regions: thalamus\nConfidence: 0.42 | Novelty: 0.65 | Evidence: 0.37 | Testability: 0.75", + "testability_reason": "modalities: sMRI | brain regions: thalamus", + "metadata": { + "dataset": "ADNI", + "input_modality": "fMRI", + "input_feature": "functional connectivity between Epithalamus and Caudate Nucleus", + "input_level": "connectivity", + "input_tool": "rfMRI", + "input_region_a": "Epithalamus", + "input_region_b": "Caudate Nucleus", + "input_region": "Epithalamus - Caudate Nucleus", + "outcome_type": "cognitive_function" + }, + "critic_score": 0.0, + "critic_feedback": [], + "critic_rounds": 0, + "evolve_score": 0.0 + }, + { + "id": "HYP:IMG:002296", + "hypothesis_type": "imaging_connectivity", + "source_id": "CLM_CONCEPT:visual_perceptual_areas_of_the_ventral_temporal_pathway", + "source_name": "functional connectivity between visual perceptual areas of the ventral temporal pathway and Cingulate Cortex", + "target_id": "MSH:D066107", + "target_name": "Social Skills", + "path": [ + { + "from_id": "CLM_CONCEPT:visual_perceptual_areas_of_the_ventral_temporal_pathway", + "from_name": "visual perceptual areas of the ventral temporal pathway", + "to_id": "COGAT_CONCEPT:trm_4a3fd79d0b13d", + "to_name": "social cognition", + "relation_type": "is_associated_with", + "confidence": 0.325, + "claim_id": "CLM:0e6f15bcf21d", + "raw_text": "Moreover, there are now some provocative data to suggest that visual perceptual areas of the ventral temporal pathway are also involved in important ways in representations of the semantic attributes of people, social knowledge and social cognition.", + "evidence": { + "study_type": "review", + "methodology": "review of provocative data from literature", + "p_value": null, + "effect_size": null, + "effect_metric": "", + "sample_size": null, + "replicability": "not_reported", + "direction": "positive" + }, + "source_paper": { + "pmid": "15749240", + "doi": "10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2004.12.012", + "title": "Developmental deficits in social perception in autism: the role of the amygdala and fusiform face area.", + "authors": "Schultz Robert T", + "year": 2005, + "journal": "International journal of developmental neuroscience : the official journal of the International Society for Developmental Neuroscience" + } + }, + { + "from_id": "COGAT_CONCEPT:trm_4a3fd79d0b13d", + "from_name": "social cognition", + "to_id": "MSH:D066107", + "to_name": "Social Skills", + "relation_type": "increases", + "confidence": 0.275, + "claim_id": "CLM:d6ae2cc4375a", + "raw_text": "Treating social cognition yields significant improvements in real-world outcomes, including social functioning and social skill.", + "evidence": { + "study_type": "narrative_review", + "methodology": "review of treatment outcome findings", + "p_value": null, + "effect_size": null, + "effect_metric": "", + "sample_size": null, + "replicability": "not_reported", + "direction": "positive" + }, + "source_paper": { + "pmid": "24919166", + "doi": "10.4088/JCP.13065su1.04", + "title": "Social cognition in schizophrenia.", + "authors": "Pinkham Amy E", + "year": 2014, + "journal": "The Journal of clinical psychiatry" + } + } + ], + "confidence_score": 0.14947825928876748, + "novelty_score": 0.55, + "evidence_score": 0.9, + "testability_score": 0.3, + "composite_score": 0.37830947600399173, + "supporting_claims": [ + "CLM:0e6f15bcf21d", + "CLM:d6ae2cc4375a" + ], + "explanation": "Hypothesis: functional connectivity between visual perceptual areas of the ventral temporal pathway and Cingulate Cortex may relate to Social Skills via 2-hop path.\nPath: visual perceptual areas of the ventral temporal pathway --[is_associated_with]--> social cognition --> social cognition --[increases]--> Social Skills\nEvidence: 2 claims from 2 papers\nKey finding: 'Moreover, there are now some provocative data to suggest that visual perceptual areas of the ventral temporal pathway are also involved in important w...'\nTestability: no imaging modality detected\nConfidence: 0.15 | Novelty: 0.55 | Evidence: 0.90 | Testability: 0.30", + "testability_reason": "no imaging modality detected", + "metadata": { + "dataset": "ADNI", + "input_modality": "fMRI", + "input_feature": "functional connectivity between visual perceptual areas of the ventral temporal pathway and Cingulate Cortex", + "input_level": "connectivity", + "input_tool": "rfMRI", + "input_region_a": "visual perceptual areas of the ventral temporal pathway", + "input_region_b": "Cingulate Cortex", + "input_region": "visual perceptual areas of the ventral temporal pathway - Cingulate Cortex", + "outcome_type": "cognitive_function" + }, + "critic_score": 0.0, + "critic_feedback": [], + "critic_rounds": 0, + "evolve_score": 0.0 + }, + { + "id": "HYP:IMG:002297", + "hypothesis_type": "imaging_connectivity", + "source_id": "CLM_CONCEPT:visual_perceptual_areas_of_the_ventral_temporal_pathway", + "source_name": "functional connectivity between visual perceptual areas of the ventral temporal pathway and Cingulate Cortex", + "target_id": "COGAT_CONCEPT:trm_4a3fd79d09e6f", + "target_name": "context", + "path": [ + { + "from_id": "CLM_CONCEPT:visual_perceptual_areas_of_the_ventral_temporal_pathway", + "from_name": "visual perceptual areas of the ventral temporal pathway", + "to_id": "COGAT_CONCEPT:trm_4a3fd79d0b13d", + "to_name": "social cognition", + "relation_type": "is_associated_with", + "confidence": 0.325, + "claim_id": "CLM:0e6f15bcf21d", + "raw_text": "Moreover, there are now some provocative data to suggest that visual perceptual areas of the ventral temporal pathway are also involved in important ways in representations of the semantic attributes of people, social knowledge and social cognition.", + "evidence": { + "study_type": "review", + "methodology": "review of provocative data from literature", + "p_value": null, + "effect_size": null, + "effect_metric": "", + "sample_size": null, + "replicability": "not_reported", + "direction": "positive" + }, + "source_paper": { + "pmid": "15749240", + "doi": "10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2004.12.012", + "title": "Developmental deficits in social perception in autism: the role of the amygdala and fusiform face area.", + "authors": "Schultz Robert T", + "year": 2005, + "journal": "International journal of developmental neuroscience : the official journal of the International Society for Developmental Neuroscience" + } + }, + { + "from_id": "COGAT_CONCEPT:trm_4a3fd79d0b13d", + "from_name": "social cognition", + "to_id": "COGAT_CONCEPT:trm_4a3fd79d09e6f", + "to_name": "context", + "relation_type": "predicts", + "confidence": 0.275, + "claim_id": "CLM:0cdefadf9277", + "raw_text": "It is commonly conceptualised as a set of mental operations underlying social interactions, and therefore related to the ability to interpret and predict the behaviour of others in different social contexts.", + "evidence": { + "study_type": "narrative_review", + "methodology": "conceptual review of social cognition in schizophrenia", + "p_value": null, + "effect_size": null, + "effect_metric": "", + "sample_size": null, + "replicability": "not_reported", + "direction": "not_reported" + }, + "source_paper": { + "pmid": "30017040", + "doi": "10.1016/j.rcp.2017.03.004", + "title": "Social Cognition in Schizophrenia: Cognitive and Neurobiological Aspects.", + "authors": "García Ricardo R, Aliste Francisco, Soto Guillermo", + "year": 2018, + "journal": "Revista Colombiana de psiquiatria" + } + } + ], + "confidence_score": 0.14947825928876748, + "novelty_score": 0.55, + "evidence_score": 0.9, + "testability_score": 0.6, + "composite_score": 0.482178363056469, + "supporting_claims": [ + "CLM:0e6f15bcf21d", + "CLM:0cdefadf9277" + ], + "explanation": "Hypothesis: functional connectivity between visual perceptual areas of the ventral temporal pathway and Cingulate Cortex may relate to context via 2-hop path.\nPath: visual perceptual areas of the ventral temporal pathway --[is_associated_with]--> social cognition --> social cognition --[predicts]--> context\nEvidence: 2 claims from 2 papers\nKey finding: 'Moreover, there are now some provocative data to suggest that visual perceptual areas of the ventral temporal pathway are also involved in important w...'\nTestability: modalities: EEG | brain regions: temporal\nConfidence: 0.15 | Novelty: 0.55 | Evidence: 0.90 | Testability: 0.60", + "testability_reason": "modalities: EEG | brain regions: temporal", + "metadata": { + "dataset": "ADNI", + "input_modality": "fMRI", + "input_feature": "functional connectivity between visual perceptual areas of the ventral temporal pathway and Cingulate Cortex", + "input_level": "connectivity", + "input_tool": "rfMRI", + "input_region_a": "visual perceptual areas of the ventral temporal pathway", + "input_region_b": "Cingulate Cortex", + "input_region": "visual perceptual areas of the ventral temporal pathway - Cingulate Cortex", + "outcome_type": "cognitive_function" + }, + "critic_score": 0.0, + "critic_feedback": [], + "critic_rounds": 0, + "evolve_score": 0.0 + }, + { + "id": "HYP:IMG:002307", + "hypothesis_type": "imaging_connectivity", + "source_id": "MSH:D007032", + "source_name": "functional connectivity between Hypothalamus, Anterior and Intracalcarine Cortex", + "target_id": "MSH:D000083505", + "target_name": "Social Interaction", + "path": [ + { + "from_id": "MSH:D007032", + "from_name": "Hypothalamus, Anterior", + "to_id": "NN:802", + "to_name": "Hypothalamus", + "relation_type": "is_a", + "confidence": 1.0, + "claim_id": "", + "raw_text": "", + "evidence": {}, + "source_paper": {} + }, + { + "from_id": "NN:802", + "from_name": "Hypothalamus", + "to_id": "MSH:D001007", + "to_name": "Anxiety", + "relation_type": "modulates", + "confidence": 0.325, + "claim_id": "CLM:5bf1257fd70e", + "raw_text": "These include the prefrontal cortical-amygdala circuit, the hippocampal formation, basal ganglia and the hypothalamus.", + "evidence": { + "study_type": "review", + "methodology": "review of neuronal circuitry studies in humans and preclinical models", + "p_value": null, + "effect_size": null, + "effect_metric": "", + "sample_size": null, + "replicability": "not_reported", + "direction": "not_reported" + }, + "source_paper": { + "pmid": "41494568", + "doi": "10.1016/j.neubiorev.2026.106547", + "title": "Comorbidity of autism spectrum disorders and anxiety disorders: Insights from neuronal circuitry studies.", + "authors": "Webster Jack F, Cousin Michael A", + "year": 2026, + "journal": "Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews" + } + }, + { + "from_id": "MSH:D001007", + "from_name": "Anxiety", + "to_id": "MSH:D000083505", + "to_name": "Social Interaction", + "relation_type": "increases", + "confidence": 0.275, + "claim_id": "CLM:5cefd42b8ae0", + "raw_text": "Social anxiety disorder demands increased recognition, so that sufferers receive the treatment they need, in order to improve their quality of life through better social functioning.", + "evidence": { + "study_type": "narrative_review", + "methodology": "clinical recommendation", + "p_value": null, + "effect_size": null, + "effect_metric": "", + "sample_size": null, + "replicability": "not_reported", + "direction": "increased" + }, + "source_paper": { + "pmid": "10875048", + "doi": "10.1002/(sici)1520-6394(2000)11:3<87::aid-da1>3.3.co;2-0", + "title": "Why take social anxiety disorder seriously?", + "authors": "Lépine J P, Pélissolo A", + "year": 2000, + "journal": "Depression and anxiety" + } + } + ], + "confidence_score": 0.21176214683688915, + "novelty_score": 0.7, + "evidence_score": 0.6240251469155713, + "testability_score": 0.8500000000000001, + "composite_score": 0.5764759829212861, + "supporting_claims": [ + "CLM:5bf1257fd70e", + "CLM:5cefd42b8ae0" + ], + "explanation": "Hypothesis: functional connectivity between Hypothalamus, Anterior and Intracalcarine Cortex may relate to Social Interaction via 3-hop path.\nPath: Hypothalamus, Anterior --[is_a]--> Hypothalamus --> Hypothalamus --[modulates]--> Anxiety --> Anxiety --[increases]--> Social Interaction\nEvidence: 2 claims from 2 papers\nKey finding: 'These include the prefrontal cortical-amygdala circuit, the hippocampal formation, basal ganglia and the hypothalamus.'\nTestability: modalities: sMRI | brain regions: amygdala, thalamus, frontal | diseases: anxiety\nConfidence: 0.21 | Novelty: 0.70 | Evidence: 0.62 | Testability: 0.85", + "testability_reason": "modalities: sMRI | brain regions: amygdala, thalamus, frontal | diseases: anxiety", + "metadata": { + "dataset": "ADNI", + "input_modality": "fMRI", + "input_feature": "functional connectivity between Hypothalamus, Anterior and Intracalcarine Cortex", + "input_level": "connectivity", + "input_tool": "rfMRI", + "input_region_a": "Hypothalamus, Anterior", + "input_region_b": "Intracalcarine Cortex", + "input_region": "Hypothalamus, Anterior - Intracalcarine Cortex", + "outcome_type": "cognitive_function" + }, + "critic_score": 0.0, + "critic_feedback": [], + "critic_rounds": 0, + "evolve_score": 0.0 + }, + { + "id": "HYP:IMG:002357", + "hypothesis_type": "imaging_connectivity", + "source_id": "CLM_CONCEPT:Medial_temporal_structures", + "source_name": "functional connectivity between Medial temporal structures and Superior Temporal Gyrus", + "target_id": "MSH:D009069", + "target_name": "Movement Disorders", + "path": [ + { + "from_id": "CLM_CONCEPT:Medial_temporal_structures", + "from_name": "Medial temporal structures", + "to_id": "MSH:D012640", + "to_name": "Seizures", + "relation_type": "causes", + "confidence": 0.325, + "claim_id": "CLM:c6a414d4fe1a", + "raw_text": "Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is the most common form of focal epilepsy as medial structures, and the hippocampus in particular, are prone to generating seizures.", + "evidence": { + "study_type": "review", + "methodology": "narrative review/background neuroanatomical statement", + "p_value": null, + "effect_size": null, + "effect_metric": "", + "sample_size": null, + "replicability": "not_reported", + "direction": "positive" + }, + "source_paper": { + "pmid": "30541437", + "doi": "10.1186/s11689-018-9255-8", + "title": "Imaging episodic memory during development and childhood epilepsy.", + "authors": "Sepeta Leigh N, Berl Madison M, Gaillard William Davis", + "year": 2018, + "journal": "Journal of neurodevelopmental disorders" + } + }, + { + "from_id": "MSH:D012640", + "from_name": "Seizures", + "to_id": "MSH:D009069", + "to_name": "Movement Disorders", + "relation_type": "is_biomarker_of", + "confidence": 0.325, + "claim_id": "CLM:2b3986686622", + "raw_text": "The current review aims to highlight the evidence-based usage of brain Positron emission tomography (PET) in dementia, movement disorders, brain tumours, epilepsy, neuropsychiatric lupus, immune-mediated encephalitides, and brain infections.", + "evidence": { + "study_type": "review", + "methodology": "review of evidence-based usage of brain PET", + "p_value": null, + "effect_size": null, + "effect_metric": "", + "sample_size": null, + "replicability": "not_reported", + "direction": "positive" + }, + "source_paper": { + "pmid": "34858659", + "doi": "10.4102/sajr.v25i1.2201", + "title": "PET-CT in brain disorders: The South African context.", + "authors": "Doruyter Alexander G G, Parkes Jeannette, Carr Jonathan, Warwick James M", + "year": 2021, + "journal": "SA journal of radiology" + } + } + ], + "confidence_score": 0.1625, + "novelty_score": 0.6, + "evidence_score": 0.9, + "testability_score": 1.0, + "composite_score": 0.5991795570010828, + "supporting_claims": [ + "CLM:c6a414d4fe1a", + "CLM:2b3986686622" + ], + "explanation": "Hypothesis: functional connectivity between Medial temporal structures and Superior Temporal Gyrus may relate to Movement Disorders via 2-hop path.\nPath: Medial temporal structures --[causes]--> Seizures --> Seizures --[is_biomarker_of]--> Movement Disorders\nEvidence: 2 claims from 2 papers\nKey finding: 'Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is the most common form of focal epilepsy as medial structures, and the hippocampus in particular, are prone to generatin...'\nTestability: modalities: sMRI, PET | brain regions: hippocampus, temporal | diseases: epilepsy, dementia\nConfidence: 0.16 | Novelty: 0.60 | Evidence: 0.90 | Testability: 1.00", + "testability_reason": "modalities: sMRI, PET | brain regions: hippocampus, temporal | diseases: epilepsy, dementia", + "metadata": { + "dataset": "ADNI", + "input_modality": "fMRI", + "input_feature": "functional connectivity between Medial temporal structures and Superior Temporal Gyrus", + "input_level": "connectivity", + "input_tool": "rfMRI", + "input_region_a": "Medial temporal structures", + "input_region_b": "Superior Temporal Gyrus", + "input_region": "Medial temporal structures - Superior Temporal Gyrus", + "outcome_type": "disease" + }, + "critic_score": 0.0, + "critic_feedback": [], + "critic_rounds": 0, + "evolve_score": 0.0 + }, + { + "id": "HYP:IMG:002359", + "hypothesis_type": "imaging_connectivity", + "source_id": "CLM_CONCEPT:Medial_temporal_structures", + "source_name": "functional connectivity between Medial temporal structures and Superior Temporal Gyrus", + "target_id": "CLM_CONCEPT:neuropsychiatric_lupus", + "target_name": "neuropsychiatric lupus", + "path": [ + { + "from_id": "CLM_CONCEPT:Medial_temporal_structures", + "from_name": "Medial temporal structures", + "to_id": "MSH:D012640", + "to_name": "Seizures", + "relation_type": "causes", + "confidence": 0.325, + "claim_id": "CLM:c6a414d4fe1a", + "raw_text": "Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is the most common form of focal epilepsy as medial structures, and the hippocampus in particular, are prone to generating seizures.", + "evidence": { + "study_type": "review", + "methodology": "narrative review/background neuroanatomical statement", + "p_value": null, + "effect_size": null, + "effect_metric": "", + "sample_size": null, + "replicability": "not_reported", + "direction": "positive" + }, + "source_paper": { + "pmid": "30541437", + "doi": "10.1186/s11689-018-9255-8", + "title": "Imaging episodic memory during development and childhood epilepsy.", + "authors": "Sepeta Leigh N, Berl Madison M, Gaillard William Davis", + "year": 2018, + "journal": "Journal of neurodevelopmental disorders" + } + }, + { + "from_id": "MSH:D012640", + "from_name": "Seizures", + "to_id": "CLM_CONCEPT:neuropsychiatric_lupus", + "to_name": "neuropsychiatric lupus", + "relation_type": "is_biomarker_of", + "confidence": 0.325, + "claim_id": "CLM:db1b94e7478b", + "raw_text": "The current review aims to highlight the evidence-based usage of brain Positron emission tomography (PET) in dementia, movement disorders, brain tumours, epilepsy, neuropsychiatric lupus, immune-mediated encephalitides, and brain infections.", + "evidence": { + "study_type": "review", + "methodology": "review of evidence-based usage of brain PET", + "p_value": null, + "effect_size": null, + "effect_metric": "", + "sample_size": null, + "replicability": "not_reported", + "direction": "positive" + }, + "source_paper": { + "pmid": "34858659", + "doi": "10.4102/sajr.v25i1.2201", + "title": "PET-CT in brain disorders: The South African context.", + "authors": "Doruyter Alexander G G, Parkes Jeannette, Carr Jonathan, Warwick James M", + "year": 2021, + "journal": "SA journal of radiology" + } + } + ], + "confidence_score": 0.1625, + "novelty_score": 0.6, + "evidence_score": 0.9, + "testability_score": 1.0, + "composite_score": 0.5991795570010828, + "supporting_claims": [ + "CLM:c6a414d4fe1a", + "CLM:db1b94e7478b" + ], + "explanation": "Hypothesis: functional connectivity between Medial temporal structures and Superior Temporal Gyrus may relate to neuropsychiatric lupus via 2-hop path.\nPath: Medial temporal structures --[causes]--> Seizures --> Seizures --[is_biomarker_of]--> neuropsychiatric lupus\nEvidence: 2 claims from 2 papers\nKey finding: 'Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is the most common form of focal epilepsy as medial structures, and the hippocampus in particular, are prone to generatin...'\nTestability: modalities: sMRI, PET | brain regions: hippocampus, temporal | diseases: epilepsy, dementia\nConfidence: 0.16 | Novelty: 0.60 | Evidence: 0.90 | Testability: 1.00", + "testability_reason": "modalities: sMRI, PET | brain regions: hippocampus, temporal | diseases: epilepsy, dementia", + "metadata": { + "dataset": "ADNI", + "input_modality": "fMRI", + "input_feature": "functional connectivity between Medial temporal structures and Superior Temporal Gyrus", + "input_level": "connectivity", + "input_tool": "rfMRI", + "input_region_a": "Medial temporal structures", + "input_region_b": "Superior Temporal Gyrus", + "input_region": "Medial temporal structures - Superior Temporal Gyrus", + "outcome_type": "disease" + }, + "critic_score": 0.0, + "critic_feedback": [], + "critic_rounds": 0, + "evolve_score": 0.0 + }, + { + "id": "HYP:IMG:002360", + "hypothesis_type": "imaging_connectivity", + "source_id": "CLM_CONCEPT:Medial_temporal_structures", + "source_name": "functional connectivity between Medial temporal structures and Superior Temporal Gyrus", + "target_id": "CLM_CONCEPT:immune-mediated_encephalitides", + "target_name": "immune-mediated encephalitides", + "path": [ + { + "from_id": "CLM_CONCEPT:Medial_temporal_structures", + "from_name": "Medial temporal structures", + "to_id": "MSH:D012640", + "to_name": "Seizures", + "relation_type": "causes", + "confidence": 0.325, + "claim_id": "CLM:c6a414d4fe1a", + "raw_text": "Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is the most common form of focal epilepsy as medial structures, and the hippocampus in particular, are prone to generating seizures.", + "evidence": { + "study_type": "review", + "methodology": "narrative review/background neuroanatomical statement", + "p_value": null, + "effect_size": null, + "effect_metric": "", + "sample_size": null, + "replicability": "not_reported", + "direction": "positive" + }, + "source_paper": { + "pmid": "30541437", + "doi": "10.1186/s11689-018-9255-8", + "title": "Imaging episodic memory during development and childhood epilepsy.", + "authors": "Sepeta Leigh N, Berl Madison M, Gaillard William Davis", + "year": 2018, + "journal": "Journal of neurodevelopmental disorders" + } + }, + { + "from_id": "MSH:D012640", + "from_name": "Seizures", + "to_id": "CLM_CONCEPT:immune-mediated_encephalitides", + "to_name": "immune-mediated encephalitides", + "relation_type": "is_biomarker_of", + "confidence": 0.325, + "claim_id": "CLM:ae4d8ada754d", + "raw_text": "The current review aims to highlight the evidence-based usage of brain Positron emission tomography (PET) in dementia, movement disorders, brain tumours, epilepsy, neuropsychiatric lupus, immune-mediated encephalitides, and brain infections.", + "evidence": { + "study_type": "review", + "methodology": "review of evidence-based usage of brain PET", + "p_value": null, + "effect_size": null, + "effect_metric": "", + "sample_size": null, + "replicability": "not_reported", + "direction": "positive" + }, + "source_paper": { + "pmid": "34858659", + "doi": "10.4102/sajr.v25i1.2201", + "title": "PET-CT in brain disorders: The South African context.", + "authors": "Doruyter Alexander G G, Parkes Jeannette, Carr Jonathan, Warwick James M", + "year": 2021, + "journal": "SA journal of radiology" + } + } + ], + "confidence_score": 0.1625, + "novelty_score": 0.6, + "evidence_score": 0.9, + "testability_score": 1.0, + "composite_score": 0.5991795570010828, + "supporting_claims": [ + "CLM:c6a414d4fe1a", + "CLM:ae4d8ada754d" + ], + "explanation": "Hypothesis: functional connectivity between Medial temporal structures and Superior Temporal Gyrus may relate to immune-mediated encephalitides via 2-hop path.\nPath: Medial temporal structures --[causes]--> Seizures --> Seizures --[is_biomarker_of]--> immune-mediated encephalitides\nEvidence: 2 claims from 2 papers\nKey finding: 'Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is the most common form of focal epilepsy as medial structures, and the hippocampus in particular, are prone to generatin...'\nTestability: modalities: sMRI, PET | brain regions: hippocampus, temporal | diseases: epilepsy, dementia\nConfidence: 0.16 | Novelty: 0.60 | Evidence: 0.90 | Testability: 1.00", + "testability_reason": "modalities: sMRI, PET | brain regions: hippocampus, temporal | diseases: epilepsy, dementia", + "metadata": { + "dataset": "ADNI", + "input_modality": "fMRI", + "input_feature": "functional connectivity between Medial temporal structures and Superior Temporal Gyrus", + "input_level": "connectivity", + "input_tool": "rfMRI", + "input_region_a": "Medial temporal structures", + "input_region_b": "Superior Temporal Gyrus", + "input_region": "Medial temporal structures - Superior Temporal Gyrus", + "outcome_type": "disease" + }, + "critic_score": 0.0, + "critic_feedback": [], + "critic_rounds": 0, + "evolve_score": 0.0 + }, + { + "id": "HYP:IMG:002506", + "hypothesis_type": "imaging_connectivity", + "source_id": "NN:602", + "source_name": "functional connectivity between Posterior Insula and fronto-parietal network", + "target_id": "CLM_CONCEPT:suicidality", + "target_name": "suicidality", + "path": [ + { + "from_id": "NN:602", + "from_name": "Posterior Insula", + "to_id": "NN:600", + "to_name": "Insular Cortex", + "relation_type": "part_of", + "confidence": 1.0, + "claim_id": "", + "raw_text": "", + "evidence": {}, + "source_paper": {} + }, + { + "from_id": "NN:600", + "from_name": "Insular Cortex", + "to_id": "COGAT_CONCEPT:trm_4a3fd79d09735", + "to_name": "action", + "relation_type": "mediates", + "confidence": 0.325, + "claim_id": "CLM:e4d6fb141852", + "raw_text": "We particularly draw special attention to IC as a unique cortical area that mediates multisensory integration, encoding of ongoing social interaction, social decision-making, emotion, and empathy.", + "evidence": { + "study_type": "review", + "methodology": "review of neural circuit mechanisms underlying social behavior, emphasizing rodent studies using systems neuroscience approaches", + "p_value": null, + "effect_size": null, + "effect_metric": "", + "sample_size": null, + "replicability": "not_reported", + "direction": "positive" + }, + "source_paper": { + "pmid": "37612363", + "doi": "10.1038/s41380-023-02201-0", + "title": "Social circuits and their dysfunction in autism spectrum disorder.", + "authors": "Sato Masaaki, Nakai Nobuhiro, Fujima Shuhei, Choe Katrina Y, Takumi Toru", + "year": 2023, + "journal": "Molecular psychiatry" + } + }, + { + "from_id": "COGAT_CONCEPT:trm_4a3fd79d09735", + "from_name": "action", + "to_id": "CLM_CONCEPT:suicidality", + "to_name": "suicidality", + "relation_type": "reduces", + "confidence": 0.275, + "claim_id": "CLM:097a29f7f502", + "raw_text": "Improvement in positive and negative symptoms, reduced extrapyramidal side effects (EPS), a direct antidepressant action, improved cognitive function, and improved compliance may contribute to reduced suicidality.", + "evidence": { + "study_type": "narrative_review", + "methodology": "proposed mechanisms for reduced suicidality", + "p_value": null, + "effect_size": null, + "effect_metric": "", + "sample_size": null, + "replicability": "hypothesized contribution", + "direction": "decreased" + }, + "source_paper": { + "pmid": "11411190", + "doi": "10.1111/j.1749-6632.2001.tb05797.x", + "title": "Treatment of suicidality in schizophrenia.", + "authors": "Meltzer H Y", + "year": 2001, + "journal": "Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences" + } + } + ], + "confidence_score": 0.21176214683688915, + "novelty_score": 0.75, + "evidence_score": 0.6240251469155713, + "testability_score": 0.8500000000000001, + "composite_score": 0.5865054125200663, + "supporting_claims": [ + "CLM:e4d6fb141852", + "CLM:097a29f7f502" + ], + "explanation": "Hypothesis: functional connectivity between Posterior Insula and fronto-parietal network may relate to suicidality via 3-hop path.\nPath: Posterior Insula --[part_of]--> Insular Cortex --> Insular Cortex --[mediates]--> action --> action --[reduces]--> suicidality\nEvidence: 2 claims from 2 papers\nKey finding: 'We particularly draw special attention to IC as a unique cortical area that mediates multisensory integration, encoding of ongoing social interaction,...'\nTestability: modalities: sMRI | brain regions: cortex, insula\nConfidence: 0.21 | Novelty: 0.75 | Evidence: 0.62 | Testability: 0.85", + "testability_reason": "modalities: sMRI | brain regions: cortex, insula", + "metadata": { + "dataset": "ADNI", + "input_modality": "fMRI", + "input_feature": "functional connectivity between Posterior Insula and fronto-parietal network", + "input_level": "connectivity", + "input_tool": "rfMRI", + "input_region_a": "Posterior Insula", + "input_region_b": "fronto-parietal network", + "input_region": "Posterior Insula - fronto-parietal network", + "outcome_type": "disease" + }, + "critic_score": 0.0, + "critic_feedback": [], + "critic_rounds": 0, + "evolve_score": 0.0 + }, + { + "id": "HYP:IMG:002577", + "hypothesis_type": "imaging_connectivity", + "source_id": "CLM_CONCEPT:medial_parietal_areas", + "source_name": "functional connectivity between medial parietal areas and temporal areas", + "target_id": "CLM_CONCEPT:social-communicative_problems", + "target_name": "social-communicative problems", + "path": [ + { + "from_id": "CLM_CONCEPT:medial_parietal_areas", + "from_name": "medial parietal areas", + "to_id": "COGAT_CONCEPT:trm_4a3fd79d0b392", + "to_name": "theory of mind", + "relation_type": "is_associated_with", + "confidence": 0.275, + "claim_id": "CLM:49f2b4f65f1e", + "raw_text": "This includes a set of medial parietal, temporal, and pre-frontal areas that have been associated with some anomalies in the theory of mind, the perception of emotions, and the ability to consider the perspective of others, phenomena commonly found in schizophrenia.", + "evidence": { + "study_type": "narrative_review", + "methodology": "review of social brain regions and social cognition anomalies", + "p_value": null, + "effect_size": null, + "effect_metric": "", + "sample_size": null, + "replicability": "not_reported", + "direction": "not_reported" + }, + "source_paper": { + "pmid": "30017040", + "doi": "10.1016/j.rcp.2017.03.004", + "title": "Social Cognition in Schizophrenia: Cognitive and Neurobiological Aspects.", + "authors": "García Ricardo R, Aliste Francisco, Soto Guillermo", + "year": 2018, + "journal": "Revista Colombiana de psiquiatria" + } + }, + { + "from_id": "COGAT_CONCEPT:trm_4a3fd79d0b392", + "from_name": "theory of mind", + "to_id": "CLM_CONCEPT:social-communicative_problems", + "to_name": "social-communicative problems", + "relation_type": "causes", + "confidence": 0.325, + "claim_id": "CLM:0723dbf3578f", + "raw_text": "This unique profile was interpreted mainly within the framework of the theory of mind hypothesis, which links the social-communicative problems of people with autism to an incapacity to attribute mental states to themselves and others.", + "evidence": { + "study_type": "review", + "methodology": "theory of mind hypothesis", + "p_value": null, + "effect_size": null, + "effect_metric": "", + "sample_size": null, + "replicability": "hypothesized; questions remain", + "direction": "increased social-communicative problems" + }, + "source_paper": { + "pmid": "15571713", + "doi": "10.1016/j.jcomdis.2004.06.002", + "title": "Captured by details: sense-making, language and communication in autism.", + "authors": "Noens Ilse L J, van Berckelaer-Onnes Ina A", + "year": 2005, + "journal": "Journal of communication disorders" + } + } + ], + "confidence_score": 0.14947825928876748, + "novelty_score": 0.55, + "evidence_score": 0.9, + "testability_score": 0.7, + "composite_score": 0.5089077850995539, + "supporting_claims": [ + "CLM:49f2b4f65f1e", + "CLM:0723dbf3578f" + ], + "explanation": "Hypothesis: functional connectivity between medial parietal areas and temporal areas may relate to social-communicative problems via 2-hop path.\nPath: medial parietal areas --[is_associated_with]--> theory of mind --> theory of mind --[causes]--> social-communicative problems\nEvidence: 2 claims from 2 papers\nKey finding: 'This includes a set of medial parietal, temporal, and pre-frontal areas that have been associated with some anomalies in the theory of mind, the perce...'\nTestability: modalities: EEG | brain regions: parietal, frontal, temporal | diseases: schizophrenia, autism\nConfidence: 0.15 | Novelty: 0.55 | Evidence: 0.90 | Testability: 0.70", + "testability_reason": "modalities: EEG | brain regions: parietal, frontal, temporal | diseases: schizophrenia, autism", + "metadata": { + "dataset": "ADNI", + "input_modality": "fMRI", + "input_feature": "functional connectivity between medial parietal areas and temporal areas", + "input_level": "connectivity", + "input_tool": "rfMRI", + "input_region_a": "medial parietal areas", + "input_region_b": "temporal areas", + "input_region": "medial parietal areas - temporal areas", + "outcome_type": "cognitive_function" + }, + "critic_score": 0.0, + "critic_feedback": [], + "critic_rounds": 0, + "evolve_score": 0.0 + }, + { + "id": "HYP:IMG:002606", + "hypothesis_type": "imaging_connectivity", + "source_id": "NN:802", + "source_name": "functional connectivity between Hypothalamus and Left Pallidum", + "target_id": "COGAT_CONCEPT:trm_523e053844495", + "target_name": "social phobia", + "path": [ + { + "from_id": "NN:802", + "from_name": "Hypothalamus", + "to_id": "MSH:D001007", + "to_name": "Anxiety", + "relation_type": "modulates", + "confidence": 0.325, + "claim_id": "CLM:5bf1257fd70e", + "raw_text": "These include the prefrontal cortical-amygdala circuit, the hippocampal formation, basal ganglia and the hypothalamus.", + "evidence": { + "study_type": "review", + "methodology": "review of neuronal circuitry studies in humans and preclinical models", + "p_value": null, + "effect_size": null, + "effect_metric": "", + "sample_size": null, + "replicability": "not_reported", + "direction": "not_reported" + }, + "source_paper": { + "pmid": "41494568", + "doi": "10.1016/j.neubiorev.2026.106547", + "title": "Comorbidity of autism spectrum disorders and anxiety disorders: Insights from neuronal circuitry studies.", + "authors": "Webster Jack F, Cousin Michael A", + "year": 2026, + "journal": "Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews" + } + }, + { + "from_id": "MSH:D001007", + "from_name": "Anxiety", + "to_id": "COGAT_CONCEPT:trm_523e053844495", + "to_name": "social phobia", + "relation_type": "is_associated_with", + "confidence": 0.275, + "claim_id": "CLM:a54df60467d6", + "raw_text": "The cardinal symptoms of GAD commonly overlap with those of social phobia, particularly if the social phobia is more general and not focused on a phobic situation.", + "evidence": { + "study_type": "narrative_review", + "methodology": "clinical overview based on diagnostic differentiation", + "p_value": null, + "effect_size": null, + "effect_metric": "", + "sample_size": null, + "replicability": "not_reported", + "direction": "positive" + }, + "source_paper": { + "pmid": "11225502", + "doi": "10.1016/s0193-953x(05)70203-3", + "title": "Overview and clinical presentation of generalized anxiety disorder.", + "authors": "Rickels K, Rynn M", + "year": 2001, + "journal": "The Psychiatric clinics of North America" + } + } + ], + "confidence_score": 0.14947825928876748, + "novelty_score": 0.55, + "evidence_score": 0.9, + "testability_score": 0.8500000000000001, + "composite_score": 0.5446925115371359, + "supporting_claims": [ + "CLM:5bf1257fd70e", + "CLM:a54df60467d6" + ], + "explanation": "Hypothesis: functional connectivity between Hypothalamus and Left Pallidum may relate to social phobia via 2-hop path.\nPath: Hypothalamus --[modulates]--> Anxiety --> Anxiety --[is_associated_with]--> social phobia\nEvidence: 2 claims from 2 papers\nKey finding: 'These include the prefrontal cortical-amygdala circuit, the hippocampal formation, basal ganglia and the hypothalamus.'\nTestability: modalities: sMRI | brain regions: amygdala, thalamus, frontal | diseases: anxiety\nConfidence: 0.15 | Novelty: 0.55 | Evidence: 0.90 | Testability: 0.85", + "testability_reason": "modalities: sMRI | brain regions: amygdala, thalamus, frontal | diseases: anxiety", + "metadata": { + "dataset": "ADNI", + "input_modality": "fMRI", + "input_feature": "functional connectivity between Hypothalamus and Left Pallidum", + "input_level": "connectivity", + "input_tool": "rfMRI", + "input_region_a": "Hypothalamus", + "input_region_b": "Left Pallidum", + "input_region": "Hypothalamus - Left Pallidum", + "outcome_type": "cognitive_function" + }, + "critic_score": 0.0, + "critic_feedback": [], + "critic_rounds": 0, + "evolve_score": 0.0 + }, + { + "id": "HYP:IMG:002607", + "hypothesis_type": "imaging_connectivity", + "source_id": "NN:802", + "source_name": "functional connectivity between Hypothalamus and Left Pallidum", + "target_id": "MSH:D012792", + "target_name": "Shyness", + "path": [ + { + "from_id": "NN:802", + "from_name": "Hypothalamus", + "to_id": "MSH:D001007", + "to_name": "Anxiety", + "relation_type": "modulates", + "confidence": 0.325, + "claim_id": "CLM:5bf1257fd70e", + "raw_text": "These include the prefrontal cortical-amygdala circuit, the hippocampal formation, basal ganglia and the hypothalamus.", + "evidence": { + "study_type": "review", + "methodology": "review of neuronal circuitry studies in humans and preclinical models", + "p_value": null, + "effect_size": null, + "effect_metric": "", + "sample_size": null, + "replicability": "not_reported", + "direction": "not_reported" + }, + "source_paper": { + "pmid": "41494568", + "doi": "10.1016/j.neubiorev.2026.106547", + "title": "Comorbidity of autism spectrum disorders and anxiety disorders: Insights from neuronal circuitry studies.", + "authors": "Webster Jack F, Cousin Michael A", + "year": 2026, + "journal": "Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews" + } + }, + { + "from_id": "MSH:D001007", + "from_name": "Anxiety", + "to_id": "MSH:D012792", + "to_name": "Shyness", + "relation_type": "causes", + "confidence": 0.275, + "claim_id": "CLM:0e1898ccc4ac", + "raw_text": "For example, free-floating anxiety may cause the hands to perspire and may cause a person to be shy in dealing with people in public, and thus many patients with subthreshold social phobic symptoms have, in the authors' opinion, GAD and not generalized social phobia.", + "evidence": { + "study_type": "narrative_review", + "methodology": "clinical overview based on diagnostic differentiation", + "p_value": null, + "effect_size": null, + "effect_metric": "", + "sample_size": null, + "replicability": "not_reported", + "direction": "positive" + }, + "source_paper": { + "pmid": "11225502", + "doi": "10.1016/s0193-953x(05)70203-3", + "title": "Overview and clinical presentation of generalized anxiety disorder.", + "authors": "Rickels K, Rynn M", + "year": 2001, + "journal": "The Psychiatric clinics of North America" + } + } + ], + "confidence_score": 0.14947825928876748, + "novelty_score": 0.6, + "evidence_score": 0.9, + "testability_score": 0.8500000000000001, + "composite_score": 0.556670932939261, + "supporting_claims": [ + "CLM:5bf1257fd70e", + "CLM:0e1898ccc4ac" + ], + "explanation": "Hypothesis: functional connectivity between Hypothalamus and Left Pallidum may relate to Shyness via 2-hop path.\nPath: Hypothalamus --[modulates]--> Anxiety --> Anxiety --[causes]--> Shyness\nEvidence: 2 claims from 2 papers\nKey finding: 'These include the prefrontal cortical-amygdala circuit, the hippocampal formation, basal ganglia and the hypothalamus.'\nTestability: modalities: sMRI | brain regions: amygdala, thalamus, frontal | diseases: anxiety\nConfidence: 0.15 | Novelty: 0.60 | Evidence: 0.90 | Testability: 0.85", + "testability_reason": "modalities: sMRI | brain regions: amygdala, thalamus, frontal | diseases: anxiety", + "metadata": { + "dataset": "ADNI", + "input_modality": "fMRI", + "input_feature": "functional connectivity between Hypothalamus and Left Pallidum", + "input_level": "connectivity", + "input_tool": "rfMRI", + "input_region_a": "Hypothalamus", + "input_region_b": "Left Pallidum", + "input_region": "Hypothalamus - Left Pallidum", + "outcome_type": "cognitive_function" + }, + "critic_score": 0.0, + "critic_feedback": [], + "critic_rounds": 0, + "evolve_score": 0.0 + }, + { + "id": "HYP:IMG:002608", + "hypothesis_type": "imaging_connectivity", + "source_id": "NN:802", + "source_name": "functional connectivity between Hypothalamus and Left Pallidum", + "target_id": "COGAT_DISORDER:dso_302", + "target_name": "substance abuse", + "path": [ + { + "from_id": "NN:802", + "from_name": "Hypothalamus", + "to_id": "MSH:D001007", + "to_name": "Anxiety", + "relation_type": "modulates", + "confidence": 0.325, + "claim_id": "CLM:5bf1257fd70e", + "raw_text": "These include the prefrontal cortical-amygdala circuit, the hippocampal formation, basal ganglia and the hypothalamus.", + "evidence": { + "study_type": "review", + "methodology": "review of neuronal circuitry studies in humans and preclinical models", + "p_value": null, + "effect_size": null, + "effect_metric": "", + "sample_size": null, + "replicability": "not_reported", + "direction": "not_reported" + }, + "source_paper": { + "pmid": "41494568", + "doi": "10.1016/j.neubiorev.2026.106547", + "title": "Comorbidity of autism spectrum disorders and anxiety disorders: Insights from neuronal circuitry studies.", + "authors": "Webster Jack F, Cousin Michael A", + "year": 2026, + "journal": "Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews" + } + }, + { + "from_id": "MSH:D001007", + "from_name": "Anxiety", + "to_id": "COGAT_DISORDER:dso_302", + "to_name": "substance abuse", + "relation_type": "causes", + "confidence": 0.275, + "claim_id": "CLM:63565da592ad", + "raw_text": "Several other disorders marked by social dysfunction or inhibition, including substance use disorders (especially alcoholism), paranoid disorder, bipolar disorder, autism, and Asperger's disorder, also may show some overlap with social anxiety disorder features (e.g., social anxiety as a cause or complication of substance abuse, social avoidance in paranoid disorder, social disinhibiton in bipolar disorder, and social communication deficits in autism and Asperger's disorder).", + "evidence": { + "study_type": "narrative_review", + "methodology": "review of disorders marked by social dysfunction or inhibition and overlap with social anxiety disorder features", + "p_value": null, + "effect_size": null, + "effect_metric": "", + "sample_size": null, + "replicability": "not_reported", + "direction": "positive" + }, + "source_paper": { + "pmid": "12462859", + "doi": "10.1016/s0193-953x(02)00018-7", + "title": "The social anxiety spectrum.", + "authors": "Schneier Franklin R, Blanco Carlos, Antia Smita X, Liebowitz Michael R", + "year": 2002, + "journal": "The Psychiatric clinics of North America" + } + } + ], + "confidence_score": 0.14947825928876748, + "novelty_score": 0.65, + "evidence_score": 0.9, + "testability_score": 0.8500000000000001, + "composite_score": 0.5679224953683394, + "supporting_claims": [ + "CLM:5bf1257fd70e", + "CLM:63565da592ad" + ], + "explanation": "Hypothesis: functional connectivity between Hypothalamus and Left Pallidum may relate to substance abuse via 2-hop path.\nPath: Hypothalamus --[modulates]--> Anxiety --> Anxiety --[causes]--> substance abuse\nEvidence: 2 claims from 2 papers\nKey finding: 'These include the prefrontal cortical-amygdala circuit, the hippocampal formation, basal ganglia and the hypothalamus.'\nTestability: modalities: sMRI | brain regions: amygdala, thalamus, frontal | diseases: autism, anxiety, bipolar\nConfidence: 0.15 | Novelty: 0.65 | Evidence: 0.90 | Testability: 0.85", + "testability_reason": "modalities: sMRI | brain regions: amygdala, thalamus, frontal | diseases: autism, anxiety, bipolar", + "metadata": { + "dataset": "ADNI", + "input_modality": "fMRI", + "input_feature": "functional connectivity between Hypothalamus and Left Pallidum", + "input_level": "connectivity", + "input_tool": "rfMRI", + "input_region_a": "Hypothalamus", + "input_region_b": "Left Pallidum", + "input_region": "Hypothalamus - Left Pallidum", + "outcome_type": "disease" + }, + "critic_score": 0.0, + "critic_feedback": [], + "critic_rounds": 0, + "evolve_score": 0.0 + }, + { + "id": "HYP:IMG:002639", + "hypothesis_type": "imaging_connectivity", + "source_id": "CLM_CONCEPT:medial_parietal_areas", + "source_name": "functional connectivity between medial parietal areas and Parietal Lobe", + "target_id": "CLM_CONCEPT:aggressive_subgroup", + "target_name": "aggressive subgroup", + "path": [ + { + "from_id": "CLM_CONCEPT:medial_parietal_areas", + "from_name": "medial parietal areas", + "to_id": "COGAT_CONCEPT:trm_4a3fd79d0a17f", + "to_name": "emotion", + "relation_type": "is_associated_with", + "confidence": 0.275, + "claim_id": "CLM:e009c7ee5e90", + "raw_text": "This includes a set of medial parietal, temporal, and pre-frontal areas that have been associated with some anomalies in the theory of mind, the perception of emotions, and the ability to consider the perspective of others, phenomena commonly found in schizophrenia.", + "evidence": { + "study_type": "narrative_review", + "methodology": "review of neurobiological evidence on the social brain", + "p_value": null, + "effect_size": null, + "effect_metric": "", + "sample_size": null, + "replicability": "not_reported", + "direction": "not_reported" + }, + "source_paper": { + "pmid": "30017040", + "doi": "10.1016/j.rcp.2017.03.004", + "title": "Social Cognition in Schizophrenia: Cognitive and Neurobiological Aspects.", + "authors": "García Ricardo R, Aliste Francisco, Soto Guillermo", + "year": 2018, + "journal": "Revista Colombiana de psiquiatria" + } + }, + { + "from_id": "COGAT_CONCEPT:trm_4a3fd79d0a17f", + "from_name": "emotion", + "to_id": "CLM_CONCEPT:aggressive_subgroup", + "to_name": "aggressive subgroup", + "relation_type": "distinguishes", + "confidence": 0.275, + "claim_id": "CLM:de6531e9c845", + "raw_text": "Indeed, the executive function deficits in children with ADHD appear to independent of their emotion dysregulation, which is specific to an aggressive subgroup.", + "evidence": { + "study_type": "narrative_review", + "methodology": "review of developmental psychopathology literature", + "p_value": null, + "effect_size": null, + "effect_metric": "", + "sample_size": null, + "replicability": "not_reported", + "direction": "positive" + }, + "source_paper": { + "pmid": "14998881", + "doi": "10.1196/annals.1301.016", + "title": "Impulsivity, emotion regulation, and developmental psychopathology: specificity versus generality of linkages.", + "authors": "Hinshaw Stephen P", + "year": 2003, + "journal": "Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences" + } + } + ], + "confidence_score": 0.1375, + "novelty_score": 0.6000000000000001, + "evidence_score": 0.9, + "testability_score": 0.3, + "composite_score": 0.38022379592874583, + "supporting_claims": [ + "CLM:e009c7ee5e90", + "CLM:de6531e9c845" + ], + "explanation": "Hypothesis: functional connectivity between medial parietal areas and Parietal Lobe may relate to aggressive subgroup via 2-hop path.\nPath: medial parietal areas --[is_associated_with]--> emotion --> emotion --[distinguishes]--> aggressive subgroup\nEvidence: 2 claims from 2 papers\nKey finding: 'This includes a set of medial parietal, temporal, and pre-frontal areas that have been associated with some anomalies in the theory of mind, the perce...'\nTestability: no imaging modality detected\nConfidence: 0.14 | Novelty: 0.60 | Evidence: 0.90 | Testability: 0.30", + "testability_reason": "no imaging modality detected", + "metadata": { + "dataset": "ADNI", + "input_modality": "fMRI", + "input_feature": "functional connectivity between medial parietal areas and Parietal Lobe", + "input_level": "connectivity", + "input_tool": "rfMRI", + "input_region_a": "medial parietal areas", + "input_region_b": "Parietal Lobe", + "input_region": "medial parietal areas - Parietal Lobe", + "outcome_type": "disease" + }, + "critic_score": 0.0, + "critic_feedback": [], + "critic_rounds": 0, + "evolve_score": 0.0 + }, + { + "id": "HYP:IMG:002698", + "hypothesis_type": "imaging_connectivity", + "source_id": "NN:602", + "source_name": "functional connectivity between Posterior Insula and Anterior Cingulate", + "target_id": "MSH:D000339", + "target_name": "Affect", + "path": [ + { + "from_id": "NN:602", + "from_name": "Posterior Insula", + "to_id": "NN:600", + "to_name": "Insular Cortex", + "relation_type": "part_of", + "confidence": 1.0, + "claim_id": "", + "raw_text": "", + "evidence": {}, + "source_paper": {} + }, + { + "from_id": "NN:600", + "from_name": "Insular Cortex", + "to_id": "COGAT_CONCEPT:trm_4a3fd79d09735", + "to_name": "action", + "relation_type": "mediates", + "confidence": 0.325, + "claim_id": "CLM:e4d6fb141852", + "raw_text": "We particularly draw special attention to IC as a unique cortical area that mediates multisensory integration, encoding of ongoing social interaction, social decision-making, emotion, and empathy.", + "evidence": { + "study_type": "review", + "methodology": "review of neural circuit mechanisms underlying social behavior, emphasizing rodent studies using systems neuroscience approaches", + "p_value": null, + "effect_size": null, + "effect_metric": "", + "sample_size": null, + "replicability": "not_reported", + "direction": "positive" + }, + "source_paper": { + "pmid": "37612363", + "doi": "10.1038/s41380-023-02201-0", + "title": "Social circuits and their dysfunction in autism spectrum disorder.", + "authors": "Sato Masaaki, Nakai Nobuhiro, Fujima Shuhei, Choe Katrina Y, Takumi Toru", + "year": 2023, + "journal": "Molecular psychiatry" + } + }, + { + "from_id": "COGAT_CONCEPT:trm_4a3fd79d09735", + "from_name": "action", + "to_id": "MSH:D000339", + "to_name": "Affect", + "relation_type": "causes", + "confidence": 0.275, + "claim_id": "CLM:7a43e95de7ad", + "raw_text": "Psychomotor, cognitive, affective, and volitional impairment in these disorders results from the interaction between neural, immune, endocrine, and enteric systems, which in turn are influenced by a person's interaction with the environment.", + "evidence": { + "study_type": "narrative_review", + "methodology": "conceptual synthesis of systems contributing to psychiatric impairment", + "p_value": null, + "effect_size": null, + "effect_metric": "", + "sample_size": null, + "replicability": "not_reported", + "direction": "positive" + }, + "source_paper": { + "pmid": "36398503", + "doi": "10.1017/S0963180122000056", + "title": "Biomarkers in Psychiatric Disorders.", + "authors": "Glannon Walter", + "year": 2022, + "journal": "Cambridge quarterly of healthcare ethics : CQ : the international journal of healthcare ethics committees" + } + } + ], + "confidence_score": 0.21176214683688915, + "novelty_score": 0.7, + "evidence_score": 0.6240251469155713, + "testability_score": 0.8500000000000001, + "composite_score": 0.5764759829212861, + "supporting_claims": [ + "CLM:e4d6fb141852", + "CLM:7a43e95de7ad" + ], + "explanation": "Hypothesis: functional connectivity between Posterior Insula and Anterior Cingulate may relate to Affect via 3-hop path.\nPath: Posterior Insula --[part_of]--> Insular Cortex --> Insular Cortex --[mediates]--> action --> action --[causes]--> Affect\nEvidence: 2 claims from 2 papers\nKey finding: 'We particularly draw special attention to IC as a unique cortical area that mediates multisensory integration, encoding of ongoing social interaction,...'\nTestability: modalities: sMRI | brain regions: cortex, insula\nConfidence: 0.21 | Novelty: 0.70 | Evidence: 0.62 | Testability: 0.85", + "testability_reason": "modalities: sMRI | brain regions: cortex, insula", + "metadata": { + "dataset": "ADNI", + "input_modality": "fMRI", + "input_feature": "functional connectivity between Posterior Insula and Anterior Cingulate", + "input_level": "connectivity", + "input_tool": "rfMRI", + "input_region_a": "Posterior Insula", + "input_region_b": "Anterior Cingulate", + "input_region": "Posterior Insula - Anterior Cingulate", + "outcome_type": "cognitive_function" + }, + "critic_score": 0.0, + "critic_feedback": [], + "critic_rounds": 0, + "evolve_score": 0.0 + }, + { + "id": "HYP:IMG:002700", + "hypothesis_type": "imaging_connectivity", + "source_id": "NN:602", + "source_name": "functional connectivity between Posterior Insula and Anterior Cingulate", + "target_id": "MSH:D000070642", + "target_name": "Brain Injuries, Traumatic", + "path": [ + { + "from_id": "NN:602", + "from_name": "Posterior Insula", + "to_id": "NN:600", + "to_name": "Insular Cortex", + "relation_type": "part_of", + "confidence": 1.0, + "claim_id": "", + "raw_text": "", + "evidence": {}, + "source_paper": {} + }, + { + "from_id": "NN:600", + "from_name": "Insular Cortex", + "to_id": "COGAT_CONCEPT:trm_4a3fd79d09735", + "to_name": "action", + "relation_type": "mediates", + "confidence": 0.325, + "claim_id": "CLM:e4d6fb141852", + "raw_text": "We particularly draw special attention to IC as a unique cortical area that mediates multisensory integration, encoding of ongoing social interaction, social decision-making, emotion, and empathy.", + "evidence": { + "study_type": "review", + "methodology": "review of neural circuit mechanisms underlying social behavior, emphasizing rodent studies using systems neuroscience approaches", + "p_value": null, + "effect_size": null, + "effect_metric": "", + "sample_size": null, + "replicability": "not_reported", + "direction": "positive" + }, + "source_paper": { + "pmid": "37612363", + "doi": "10.1038/s41380-023-02201-0", + "title": "Social circuits and their dysfunction in autism spectrum disorder.", + "authors": "Sato Masaaki, Nakai Nobuhiro, Fujima Shuhei, Choe Katrina Y, Takumi Toru", + "year": 2023, + "journal": "Molecular psychiatry" + } + }, + { + "from_id": "COGAT_CONCEPT:trm_4a3fd79d09735", + "from_name": "action", + "to_id": "MSH:D000070642", + "to_name": "Brain Injuries, Traumatic", + "relation_type": "causes", + "confidence": 0.325, + "claim_id": "CLM:a269b6b7d49c", + "raw_text": "Their interaction with the inflammatory system is important for the well-being of the brain, but they are also crucial in the development of many diseases in the brain such as stroke and traumatic brain injury.", + "evidence": { + "study_type": "review", + "methodology": "narrative review of coagulation and inflammation in neurologic and psychiatric disorders", + "p_value": null, + "effect_size": null, + "effect_metric": "", + "sample_size": null, + "replicability": "not_reported", + "direction": "positive" + }, + "source_paper": { + "pmid": "39848256", + "doi": "10.1055/s-0044-1801824", + "title": "Inflammation and Coagulation in Neurologic and Psychiatric Disorders.", + "authors": "Khoury Rabee, Chapman Joab", + "year": 2025, + "journal": "Seminars in thrombosis and hemostasis" + } + } + ], + "confidence_score": 0.22388855166249738, + "novelty_score": 0.75, + "evidence_score": 0.6240251469155713, + "testability_score": 0.8500000000000001, + "composite_score": 0.5930737954589448, + "supporting_claims": [ + "CLM:e4d6fb141852", + "CLM:a269b6b7d49c" + ], + "explanation": "Hypothesis: functional connectivity between Posterior Insula and Anterior Cingulate may relate to Brain Injuries, Traumatic via 3-hop path.\nPath: Posterior Insula --[part_of]--> Insular Cortex --> Insular Cortex --[mediates]--> action --> action --[causes]--> Brain Injuries, Traumatic\nEvidence: 2 claims from 2 papers\nKey finding: 'We particularly draw special attention to IC as a unique cortical area that mediates multisensory integration, encoding of ongoing social interaction,...'\nTestability: modalities: sMRI | brain regions: cortex, insula\nConfidence: 0.22 | Novelty: 0.75 | Evidence: 0.62 | Testability: 0.85", + "testability_reason": "modalities: sMRI | brain regions: cortex, insula", + "metadata": { + "dataset": "ADNI", + "input_modality": "fMRI", + "input_feature": "functional connectivity between Posterior Insula and Anterior Cingulate", + "input_level": "connectivity", + "input_tool": "rfMRI", + "input_region_a": "Posterior Insula", + "input_region_b": "Anterior Cingulate", + "input_region": "Posterior Insula - Anterior Cingulate", + "outcome_type": "disease" + }, + "critic_score": 0.0, + "critic_feedback": [], + "critic_rounds": 0, + "evolve_score": 0.0 + }, + { + "id": "HYP:IMG:002787", + "hypothesis_type": "imaging_connectivity", + "source_id": "CLM_CONCEPT:visual_perceptual_areas_of_the_ventral_temporal_pathway", + "source_name": "functional connectivity between visual perceptual areas of the ventral temporal pathway and Posterior Parietal Cortex", + "target_id": "COGAT_DISORDER:dso_0060041", + "target_name": "autism spectrum disorder", + "path": [ + { + "from_id": "CLM_CONCEPT:visual_perceptual_areas_of_the_ventral_temporal_pathway", + "from_name": "visual perceptual areas of the ventral temporal pathway", + "to_id": "COGAT_CONCEPT:trm_4a3fd79d0b13d", + "to_name": "social cognition", + "relation_type": "is_associated_with", + "confidence": 0.325, + "claim_id": "CLM:0e6f15bcf21d", + "raw_text": "Moreover, there are now some provocative data to suggest that visual perceptual areas of the ventral temporal pathway are also involved in important ways in representations of the semantic attributes of people, social knowledge and social cognition.", + "evidence": { + "study_type": "review", + "methodology": "review of provocative data from literature", + "p_value": null, + "effect_size": null, + "effect_metric": "", + "sample_size": null, + "replicability": "not_reported", + "direction": "positive" + }, + "source_paper": { + "pmid": "15749240", + "doi": "10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2004.12.012", + "title": "Developmental deficits in social perception in autism: the role of the amygdala and fusiform face area.", + "authors": "Schultz Robert T", + "year": 2005, + "journal": "International journal of developmental neuroscience : the official journal of the International Society for Developmental Neuroscience" + } + }, + { + "from_id": "COGAT_CONCEPT:trm_4a3fd79d0b13d", + "from_name": "social cognition", + "to_id": "COGAT_DISORDER:dso_0060041", + "to_name": "autism spectrum disorder", + "relation_type": "is_biomarker_of", + "confidence": 0.275, + "claim_id": "CLM:9dbf2e713c4e", + "raw_text": "Given the heterogeneity of autism spectrum disorder (ASD), approaches based on studying heritable components of the disorder, or endophenotypes, such as language or social cognition, provide promising avenues for genetic and neurobiological investigations.", + "evidence": { + "study_type": "narrative_review", + "methodology": "Review discussing endophenotype-based approaches for genetic and neurobiological investigations", + "p_value": null, + "effect_size": null, + "effect_metric": "", + "sample_size": null, + "replicability": "not_reported", + "direction": "positive" + }, + "source_paper": { + "pmid": "19630577", + "doi": "10.1146/annurev.med.60.053107.121225", + "title": "Advances in autism.", + "authors": "Geschwind Daniel H", + "year": 2009, + "journal": "Annual review of medicine" + } + } + ], + "confidence_score": 0.14947825928876748, + "novelty_score": 0.6000000000000001, + "evidence_score": 0.9, + "testability_score": 0.3, + "composite_score": 0.38662894107466944, + "supporting_claims": [ + "CLM:0e6f15bcf21d", + "CLM:9dbf2e713c4e" + ], + "explanation": "Hypothesis: functional connectivity between visual perceptual areas of the ventral temporal pathway and Posterior Parietal Cortex may relate to autism spectrum disorder via 2-hop path.\nPath: visual perceptual areas of the ventral temporal pathway --[is_associated_with]--> social cognition --> social cognition --[is_biomarker_of]--> autism spectrum disorder\nEvidence: 2 claims from 2 papers\nKey finding: 'Moreover, there are now some provocative data to suggest that visual perceptual areas of the ventral temporal pathway are also involved in important w...'\nTestability: no imaging modality detected\nConfidence: 0.15 | Novelty: 0.60 | Evidence: 0.90 | Testability: 0.30", + "testability_reason": "no imaging modality detected", + "metadata": { + "dataset": "ADNI", + "input_modality": "fMRI", + "input_feature": "functional connectivity between visual perceptual areas of the ventral temporal pathway and Posterior Parietal Cortex", + "input_level": "connectivity", + "input_tool": "rfMRI", + "input_region_a": "visual perceptual areas of the ventral temporal pathway", + "input_region_b": "Posterior Parietal Cortex", + "input_region": "visual perceptual areas of the ventral temporal pathway - Posterior Parietal Cortex", + "outcome_type": "disease" + }, + "critic_score": 0.0, + "critic_feedback": [], + "critic_rounds": 0, + "evolve_score": 0.0 + }, + { + "id": "HYP:IMG:002790", + "hypothesis_type": "imaging_connectivity", + "source_id": "CLM_CONCEPT:visual_perceptual_areas_of_the_ventral_temporal_pathway", + "source_name": "functional connectivity between visual perceptual areas of the ventral temporal pathway and Posterior Parietal Cortex", + "target_id": "CLM_CONCEPT:personal_relationships", + "target_name": "personal relationships", + "path": [ + { + "from_id": "CLM_CONCEPT:visual_perceptual_areas_of_the_ventral_temporal_pathway", + "from_name": "visual perceptual areas of the ventral temporal pathway", + "to_id": "COGAT_CONCEPT:trm_4a3fd79d0b13d", + "to_name": "social cognition", + "relation_type": "is_associated_with", + "confidence": 0.325, + "claim_id": "CLM:0e6f15bcf21d", + "raw_text": "Moreover, there are now some provocative data to suggest that visual perceptual areas of the ventral temporal pathway are also involved in important ways in representations of the semantic attributes of people, social knowledge and social cognition.", + "evidence": { + "study_type": "review", + "methodology": "review of provocative data from literature", + "p_value": null, + "effect_size": null, + "effect_metric": "", + "sample_size": null, + "replicability": "not_reported", + "direction": "positive" + }, + "source_paper": { + "pmid": "15749240", + "doi": "10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2004.12.012", + "title": "Developmental deficits in social perception in autism: the role of the amygdala and fusiform face area.", + "authors": "Schultz Robert T", + "year": 2005, + "journal": "International journal of developmental neuroscience : the official journal of the International Society for Developmental Neuroscience" + } + }, + { + "from_id": "COGAT_CONCEPT:trm_4a3fd79d0b13d", + "from_name": "social cognition", + "to_id": "CLM_CONCEPT:personal_relationships", + "to_name": "personal relationships", + "relation_type": "causes", + "confidence": 0.275, + "claim_id": "CLM:fd6f485f1c1b", + "raw_text": "Social cognition is a major problem underlying deficiencies in interpersonal relationships in several psychiatric populations.", + "evidence": { + "study_type": "narrative_review", + "methodology": "chapter reviewing pharmacological modulation of social cognition in psychiatric illnesses", + "p_value": null, + "effect_size": null, + "effect_metric": "", + "sample_size": null, + "replicability": "not_reported", + "direction": "negative" + }, + "source_paper": { + "pmid": "25977087", + "doi": "10.1007/978-3-319-16522-6_10", + "title": "Social cognition.", + "authors": "Patin Alexandra, Hurlemann René", + "year": 2015, + "journal": "Handbook of experimental pharmacology" + } + } + ], + "confidence_score": 0.14947825928876748, + "novelty_score": 0.55, + "evidence_score": 0.9, + "testability_score": 0.6, + "composite_score": 0.482178363056469, + "supporting_claims": [ + "CLM:0e6f15bcf21d", + "CLM:fd6f485f1c1b" + ], + "explanation": "Hypothesis: functional connectivity between visual perceptual areas of the ventral temporal pathway and Posterior Parietal Cortex may relate to personal relationships via 2-hop path.\nPath: visual perceptual areas of the ventral temporal pathway --[is_associated_with]--> social cognition --> social cognition --[causes]--> personal relationships\nEvidence: 2 claims from 2 papers\nKey finding: 'Moreover, there are now some provocative data to suggest that visual perceptual areas of the ventral temporal pathway are also involved in important w...'\nTestability: modalities: EEG | brain regions: temporal\nConfidence: 0.15 | Novelty: 0.55 | Evidence: 0.90 | Testability: 0.60", + "testability_reason": "modalities: EEG | brain regions: temporal", + "metadata": { + "dataset": "ADNI", + "input_modality": "fMRI", + "input_feature": "functional connectivity between visual perceptual areas of the ventral temporal pathway and Posterior Parietal Cortex", + "input_level": "connectivity", + "input_tool": "rfMRI", + "input_region_a": "visual perceptual areas of the ventral temporal pathway", + "input_region_b": "Posterior Parietal Cortex", + "input_region": "visual perceptual areas of the ventral temporal pathway - Posterior Parietal Cortex", + "outcome_type": "cognitive_function" + }, + "critic_score": 0.0, + "critic_feedback": [], + "critic_rounds": 0, + "evolve_score": 0.0 + }, + { + "id": "HYP:IMG:002898", + "hypothesis_type": "imaging_connectivity", + "source_id": "NN:NN_TAL:10022", + "source_name": "functional connectivity between Caudate and Middle Temporal Gyrus", + "target_id": "MSH:D000079225", + "target_name": "Psychological Distress", + "path": [ + { + "from_id": "NN:NN_TAL:10022", + "from_name": "Caudate", + "to_id": "MSH:D003866", + "to_name": "Depressive Disorder", + "relation_type": "is_associated_with", + "confidence": 0.325, + "claim_id": "CLM:d9b88ed6a24e", + "raw_text": "In unipolar depression, findings suggest abnormalities in the frontal lobe (particularly the subgenual prefrontal cortex), basal ganglia (particularly the caudate and putamen), cerebellum, and hippocampus/amygdala complex.", + "evidence": { + "study_type": "review", + "methodology": "volumetric neuroimaging", + "p_value": null, + "effect_size": null, + "effect_metric": "", + "sample_size": null, + "replicability": "not_reported", + "direction": "abnormality" + }, + "source_paper": { + "pmid": "12071514", + "doi": "10.1034/j.1399-5618.2002.01157.x", + "title": "Volumetric brain imaging findings in mood disorders.", + "authors": "Beyer John L, Krishnan K Ranga R", + "year": 2002, + "journal": "Bipolar disorders" + } + }, + { + "from_id": "MSH:D003866", + "from_name": "Depressive Disorder", + "to_id": "MSH:D000079225", + "to_name": "Psychological Distress", + "relation_type": "causes", + "confidence": 0.325, + "claim_id": "CLM:6aa127f97850", + "raw_text": "In addition to causing inherent emotional distress, depressive disorders negatively impact quality of life, motor and cognitive deficits, functional disability, and other psychiatric comorbidities in patients with PD.", + "evidence": { + "study_type": "review", + "methodology": "narrative review", + "p_value": null, + "effect_size": null, + "effect_metric": "", + "sample_size": null, + "replicability": "not_reported", + "direction": "positive" + }, + "source_paper": { + "pmid": "24190780", + "doi": "10.1007/s11910-013-0409-5", + "title": "Depression and Parkinson's disease: current knowledge.", + "authors": "Marsh Laura", + "year": 2013, + "journal": "Current neurology and neuroscience reports" + } + } + ], + "confidence_score": 0.1625, + "novelty_score": 0.6000000000000001, + "evidence_score": 0.9, + "testability_score": 0.8500000000000001, + "composite_score": 0.5660484578658199, + "supporting_claims": [ + "CLM:d9b88ed6a24e", + "CLM:6aa127f97850" + ], + "explanation": "Hypothesis: functional connectivity between Caudate and Middle Temporal Gyrus may relate to Psychological Distress via 2-hop path.\nPath: Caudate --[is_associated_with]--> Depressive Disorder --> Depressive Disorder --[causes]--> Psychological Distress\nEvidence: 2 claims from 2 papers\nKey finding: 'In unipolar depression, findings suggest abnormalities in the frontal lobe (particularly the subgenual prefrontal cortex), basal ganglia (particularly...'\nTestability: modalities: sMRI | brain regions: cortex, hippocampus, amygdala, cerebellum | diseases: depression\nConfidence: 0.16 | Novelty: 0.60 | Evidence: 0.90 | Testability: 0.85", + "testability_reason": "modalities: sMRI | brain regions: cortex, hippocampus, amygdala, cerebellum | diseases: depression", + "metadata": { + "dataset": "ADNI", + "input_modality": "fMRI", + "input_feature": "functional connectivity between Caudate and Middle Temporal Gyrus", + "input_level": "connectivity", + "input_tool": "rfMRI", + "input_region_a": "Caudate", + "input_region_b": "Middle Temporal Gyrus", + "input_region": "Caudate - Middle Temporal Gyrus", + "outcome_type": "cognitive_function" + }, + "critic_score": 0.0, + "critic_feedback": [], + "critic_rounds": 0, + "evolve_score": 0.0 + }, + { + "id": "HYP:IMG:002956", + "hypothesis_type": "imaging_connectivity", + "source_id": "CLM_CONCEPT:temporal_areas", + "source_name": "functional connectivity between temporal areas and Amygdala", + "target_id": "CLM_CONCEPT:aggressive_subgroup", + "target_name": "aggressive subgroup", + "path": [ + { + "from_id": "CLM_CONCEPT:temporal_areas", + "from_name": "temporal areas", + "to_id": "COGAT_CONCEPT:trm_4a3fd79d0a17f", + "to_name": "emotion", + "relation_type": "is_associated_with", + "confidence": 0.275, + "claim_id": "CLM:36e6d3c1bfe5", + "raw_text": "This includes a set of medial parietal, temporal, and pre-frontal areas that have been associated with some anomalies in the theory of mind, the perception of emotions, and the ability to consider the perspective of others, phenomena commonly found in schizophrenia.", + "evidence": { + "study_type": "narrative_review", + "methodology": "review of social brain regions and social cognition anomalies", + "p_value": null, + "effect_size": null, + "effect_metric": "", + "sample_size": null, + "replicability": "not_reported", + "direction": "not_reported" + }, + "source_paper": { + "pmid": "30017040", + "doi": "10.1016/j.rcp.2017.03.004", + "title": "Social Cognition in Schizophrenia: Cognitive and Neurobiological Aspects.", + "authors": "García Ricardo R, Aliste Francisco, Soto Guillermo", + "year": 2018, + "journal": "Revista Colombiana de psiquiatria" + } + }, + { + "from_id": "COGAT_CONCEPT:trm_4a3fd79d0a17f", + "from_name": "emotion", + "to_id": "CLM_CONCEPT:aggressive_subgroup", + "to_name": "aggressive subgroup", + "relation_type": "distinguishes", + "confidence": 0.275, + "claim_id": "CLM:de6531e9c845", + "raw_text": "Indeed, the executive function deficits in children with ADHD appear to independent of their emotion dysregulation, which is specific to an aggressive subgroup.", + "evidence": { + "study_type": "narrative_review", + "methodology": "review of developmental psychopathology literature", + "p_value": null, + "effect_size": null, + "effect_metric": "", + "sample_size": null, + "replicability": "not_reported", + "direction": "positive" + }, + "source_paper": { + "pmid": "14998881", + "doi": "10.1196/annals.1301.016", + "title": "Impulsivity, emotion regulation, and developmental psychopathology: specificity versus generality of linkages.", + "authors": "Hinshaw Stephen P", + "year": 2003, + "journal": "Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences" + } + } + ], + "confidence_score": 0.1375, + "novelty_score": 0.6000000000000001, + "evidence_score": 0.9, + "testability_score": 0.3, + "composite_score": 0.38022379592874583, + "supporting_claims": [ + "CLM:36e6d3c1bfe5", + "CLM:de6531e9c845" + ], + "explanation": "Hypothesis: functional connectivity between temporal areas and Amygdala may relate to aggressive subgroup via 2-hop path.\nPath: temporal areas --[is_associated_with]--> emotion --> emotion --[distinguishes]--> aggressive subgroup\nEvidence: 2 claims from 2 papers\nKey finding: 'This includes a set of medial parietal, temporal, and pre-frontal areas that have been associated with some anomalies in the theory of mind, the perce...'\nTestability: no imaging modality detected\nConfidence: 0.14 | Novelty: 0.60 | Evidence: 0.90 | Testability: 0.30", + "testability_reason": "no imaging modality detected", + "metadata": { + "dataset": "ADNI", + "input_modality": "fMRI", + "input_feature": "functional connectivity between temporal areas and Amygdala", + "input_level": "connectivity", + "input_tool": "rfMRI", + "input_region_a": "temporal areas", + "input_region_b": "Amygdala", + "input_region": "temporal areas - Amygdala", + "outcome_type": "disease" + }, + "critic_score": 0.0, + "critic_feedback": [], + "critic_rounds": 0, + "evolve_score": 0.0 + }, + { + "id": "HYP:IMG:002960", + "hypothesis_type": "imaging_connectivity", + "source_id": "CLM_CONCEPT:temporal_areas", + "source_name": "functional connectivity between temporal areas and Amygdala", + "target_id": "CLM_CONCEPT:clinically_significant_impairments", + "target_name": "clinically significant impairments", + "path": [ + { + "from_id": "CLM_CONCEPT:temporal_areas", + "from_name": "temporal areas", + "to_id": "COGAT_CONCEPT:trm_4a3fd79d0a17f", + "to_name": "emotion", + "relation_type": "is_associated_with", + "confidence": 0.275, + "claim_id": "CLM:36e6d3c1bfe5", + "raw_text": "This includes a set of medial parietal, temporal, and pre-frontal areas that have been associated with some anomalies in the theory of mind, the perception of emotions, and the ability to consider the perspective of others, phenomena commonly found in schizophrenia.", + "evidence": { + "study_type": "narrative_review", + "methodology": "review of social brain regions and social cognition anomalies", + "p_value": null, + "effect_size": null, + "effect_metric": "", + "sample_size": null, + "replicability": "not_reported", + "direction": "not_reported" + }, + "source_paper": { + "pmid": "30017040", + "doi": "10.1016/j.rcp.2017.03.004", + "title": "Social Cognition in Schizophrenia: Cognitive and Neurobiological Aspects.", + "authors": "García Ricardo R, Aliste Francisco, Soto Guillermo", + "year": 2018, + "journal": "Revista Colombiana de psiquiatria" + } + }, + { + "from_id": "COGAT_CONCEPT:trm_4a3fd79d0a17f", + "from_name": "emotion", + "to_id": "CLM_CONCEPT:clinically_significant_impairments", + "to_name": "clinically significant impairments", + "relation_type": "causes", + "confidence": 0.325, + "claim_id": "CLM:133fc92e5d92", + "raw_text": "Emotional symptoms are common and persistent in youth and adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and cause clinically significant impairments.", + "evidence": { + "study_type": "review", + "methodology": "review of recent neuropsychological, neurophysiological, and peripheral psychophysiological evidence", + "p_value": null, + "effect_size": null, + "effect_metric": "", + "sample_size": null, + "replicability": "not_reported", + "direction": "positive" + }, + "source_paper": { + "pmid": "30826879", + "doi": "10.1007/s11920-019-1003-6", + "title": "Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Emotion Regulation Over the Life Span.", + "authors": "Christiansen Hanna, Hirsch Oliver, Albrecht Björn, Chavanon Mira-Lynn", + "year": 2019, + "journal": "Current psychiatry reports" + } + } + ], + "confidence_score": 0.14947825928876748, + "novelty_score": 0.55, + "evidence_score": 0.9, + "testability_score": 0.3, + "composite_score": 0.37830947600399173, + "supporting_claims": [ + "CLM:36e6d3c1bfe5", + "CLM:133fc92e5d92" + ], + "explanation": "Hypothesis: functional connectivity between temporal areas and Amygdala may relate to clinically significant impairments via 2-hop path.\nPath: temporal areas --[is_associated_with]--> emotion --> emotion --[causes]--> clinically significant impairments\nEvidence: 2 claims from 2 papers\nKey finding: 'This includes a set of medial parietal, temporal, and pre-frontal areas that have been associated with some anomalies in the theory of mind, the perce...'\nTestability: no imaging modality detected\nConfidence: 0.15 | Novelty: 0.55 | Evidence: 0.90 | Testability: 0.30", + "testability_reason": "no imaging modality detected", + "metadata": { + "dataset": "ADNI", + "input_modality": "fMRI", + "input_feature": "functional connectivity between temporal areas and Amygdala", + "input_level": "connectivity", + "input_tool": "rfMRI", + "input_region_a": "temporal areas", + "input_region_b": "Amygdala", + "input_region": "temporal areas - Amygdala", + "outcome_type": "cognitive_function" + }, + "critic_score": 0.0, + "critic_feedback": [], + "critic_rounds": 0, + "evolve_score": 0.0 + }, + { + "id": "HYP:IMG:002977", + "hypothesis_type": "imaging_connectivity", + "source_id": "NN:602", + "source_name": "functional connectivity between Posterior Insula and Subthalamus", + "target_id": "MSH:D000099203", + "target_name": "Neurodevelopment", + "path": [ + { + "from_id": "NN:602", + "from_name": "Posterior Insula", + "to_id": "NN:600", + "to_name": "Insular Cortex", + "relation_type": "part_of", + "confidence": 1.0, + "claim_id": "", + "raw_text": "", + "evidence": {}, + "source_paper": {} + }, + { + "from_id": "NN:600", + "from_name": "Insular Cortex", + "to_id": "COGAT_CONCEPT:trm_4a3fd79d09735", + "to_name": "action", + "relation_type": "mediates", + "confidence": 0.325, + "claim_id": "CLM:e4d6fb141852", + "raw_text": "We particularly draw special attention to IC as a unique cortical area that mediates multisensory integration, encoding of ongoing social interaction, social decision-making, emotion, and empathy.", + "evidence": { + "study_type": "review", + "methodology": "review of neural circuit mechanisms underlying social behavior, emphasizing rodent studies using systems neuroscience approaches", + "p_value": null, + "effect_size": null, + "effect_metric": "", + "sample_size": null, + "replicability": "not_reported", + "direction": "positive" + }, + "source_paper": { + "pmid": "37612363", + "doi": "10.1038/s41380-023-02201-0", + "title": "Social circuits and their dysfunction in autism spectrum disorder.", + "authors": "Sato Masaaki, Nakai Nobuhiro, Fujima Shuhei, Choe Katrina Y, Takumi Toru", + "year": 2023, + "journal": "Molecular psychiatry" + } + }, + { + "from_id": "COGAT_CONCEPT:trm_4a3fd79d09735", + "from_name": "action", + "to_id": "MSH:D000099203", + "to_name": "Neurodevelopment", + "relation_type": "increases", + "confidence": 0.275, + "claim_id": "CLM:d65b033ffd4c", + "raw_text": "Minimal retraction of neuronal arborisation is advantageous.", + "evidence": { + "study_type": "narrative_review", + "methodology": "developmental neurobiology claim in narrative review", + "p_value": null, + "effect_size": null, + "effect_metric": "", + "sample_size": null, + "replicability": "not_reported", + "direction": "advantageous" + }, + "source_paper": { + "pmid": "15615323", + "doi": "10.1177/026010600401800102", + "title": "From superior adaptation and function to brain dysfunction--the neglect of epigenetic factors.", + "authors": "Saugstad Letten F", + "year": 2004, + "journal": "Nutrition and health" + } + } + ], + "confidence_score": 0.21176214683688915, + "novelty_score": 0.7, + "evidence_score": 0.6240251469155713, + "testability_score": 0.8500000000000001, + "composite_score": 0.5764759829212861, + "supporting_claims": [ + "CLM:e4d6fb141852", + "CLM:d65b033ffd4c" + ], + "explanation": "Hypothesis: functional connectivity between Posterior Insula and Subthalamus may relate to Neurodevelopment via 3-hop path.\nPath: Posterior Insula --[part_of]--> Insular Cortex --> Insular Cortex --[mediates]--> action --> action --[increases]--> Neurodevelopment\nEvidence: 2 claims from 2 papers\nKey finding: 'We particularly draw special attention to IC as a unique cortical area that mediates multisensory integration, encoding of ongoing social interaction,...'\nTestability: modalities: sMRI | brain regions: cortex, insula\nConfidence: 0.21 | Novelty: 0.70 | Evidence: 0.62 | Testability: 0.85", + "testability_reason": "modalities: sMRI | brain regions: cortex, insula", + "metadata": { + "dataset": "ADNI", + "input_modality": "fMRI", + "input_feature": "functional connectivity between Posterior Insula and Subthalamus", + "input_level": "connectivity", + "input_tool": "rfMRI", + "input_region_a": "Posterior Insula", + "input_region_b": "Subthalamus", + "input_region": "Posterior Insula - Subthalamus", + "outcome_type": "cognitive_function" + }, + "critic_score": 0.0, + "critic_feedback": [], + "critic_rounds": 0, + "evolve_score": 0.0 + }, + { + "id": "HYP:IMG:002980", + "hypothesis_type": "imaging_connectivity", + "source_id": "NN:602", + "source_name": "functional connectivity between Posterior Insula and Subthalamus", + "target_id": "COGAT_CONCEPT:trm_523e00f356226", + "target_name": "conduct disorder", + "path": [ + { + "from_id": "NN:602", + "from_name": "Posterior Insula", + "to_id": "NN:600", + "to_name": "Insular Cortex", + "relation_type": "part_of", + "confidence": 1.0, + "claim_id": "", + "raw_text": "", + "evidence": {}, + "source_paper": {} + }, + { + "from_id": "NN:600", + "from_name": "Insular Cortex", + "to_id": "COGAT_CONCEPT:trm_4a3fd79d09735", + "to_name": "action", + "relation_type": "mediates", + "confidence": 0.325, + "claim_id": "CLM:e4d6fb141852", + "raw_text": "We particularly draw special attention to IC as a unique cortical area that mediates multisensory integration, encoding of ongoing social interaction, social decision-making, emotion, and empathy.", + "evidence": { + "study_type": "review", + "methodology": "review of neural circuit mechanisms underlying social behavior, emphasizing rodent studies using systems neuroscience approaches", + "p_value": null, + "effect_size": null, + "effect_metric": "", + "sample_size": null, + "replicability": "not_reported", + "direction": "positive" + }, + "source_paper": { + "pmid": "37612363", + "doi": "10.1038/s41380-023-02201-0", + "title": "Social circuits and their dysfunction in autism spectrum disorder.", + "authors": "Sato Masaaki, Nakai Nobuhiro, Fujima Shuhei, Choe Katrina Y, Takumi Toru", + "year": 2023, + "journal": "Molecular psychiatry" + } + }, + { + "from_id": "COGAT_CONCEPT:trm_4a3fd79d09735", + "from_name": "action", + "to_id": "COGAT_CONCEPT:trm_523e00f356226", + "to_name": "conduct disorder", + "relation_type": "is_risk_factor_for", + "confidence": 0.275, + "claim_id": "CLM:87d7374cc248", + "raw_text": "The aetiology of CD is complex, with contributions of both genetic and environmental risk factors and different forms of interplay among the two (gene-environment interaction and correlation).", + "evidence": { + "study_type": "narrative_review", + "methodology": "etiological review", + "p_value": null, + "effect_size": null, + "effect_metric": "", + "sample_size": null, + "replicability": "not_reported", + "direction": "positive" + }, + "source_paper": { + "pmid": "31249310", + "doi": "10.1038/s41572-019-0095-y", + "title": "Conduct disorder.", + "authors": "Fairchild Graeme, Hawes David J, Frick Paul J, Copeland William E, Odgers Candice L", + "year": 2019, + "journal": "Nature reviews. Disease primers" + } + } + ], + "confidence_score": 0.21176214683688915, + "novelty_score": 0.7, + "evidence_score": 0.6240251469155713, + "testability_score": 1.0, + "composite_score": 0.6102174103094528, + "supporting_claims": [ + "CLM:e4d6fb141852", + "CLM:87d7374cc248" + ], + "explanation": "Hypothesis: functional connectivity between Posterior Insula and Subthalamus may relate to conduct disorder via 3-hop path.\nPath: Posterior Insula --[part_of]--> Insular Cortex --> Insular Cortex --[mediates]--> action --> action --[is_risk_factor_for]--> conduct disorder\nEvidence: 2 claims from 2 papers\nKey finding: 'We particularly draw special attention to IC as a unique cortical area that mediates multisensory integration, encoding of ongoing social interaction,...'\nTestability: modalities: sMRI, dMRI, EEG | brain regions: cortex, insula\nConfidence: 0.21 | Novelty: 0.70 | Evidence: 0.62 | Testability: 1.00", + "testability_reason": "modalities: sMRI, dMRI, EEG | brain regions: cortex, insula", + "metadata": { + "dataset": "ADNI", + "input_modality": "fMRI", + "input_feature": "functional connectivity between Posterior Insula and Subthalamus", + "input_level": "connectivity", + "input_tool": "rfMRI", + "input_region_a": "Posterior Insula", + "input_region_b": "Subthalamus", + "input_region": "Posterior Insula - Subthalamus", + "outcome_type": "cognitive_function" + }, + "critic_score": 0.0, + "critic_feedback": [], + "critic_rounds": 0, + "evolve_score": 0.0 + }, + { + "id": "HYP:IMG:003009", + "hypothesis_type": "imaging_connectivity", + "source_id": "NN:202", + "source_name": "functional connectivity between Posterior Parietal Cortex and Olfactory Bulb", + "target_id": "CLM_CONCEPT:spatial_sense", + "target_name": "spatial sense", + "path": [ + { + "from_id": "NN:202", + "from_name": "Posterior Parietal Cortex", + "to_id": "MSH:D010296", + "to_name": "Parietal Lobe", + "relation_type": "part_of", + "confidence": 1.0, + "claim_id": "", + "raw_text": "", + "evidence": {}, + "source_paper": {} + }, + { + "from_id": "MSH:D010296", + "from_name": "Parietal Lobe", + "to_id": "CLM_CONCEPT:spatial_sense", + "to_name": "spatial sense", + "relation_type": "modulates", + "confidence": 0.5, + "claim_id": "CLM:ae594ffbe687", + "raw_text": "", + "evidence": {}, + "source_paper": {} + } + ], + "confidence_score": 0.3005203820042827, + "novelty_score": 0.65, + "evidence_score": 0.36742346141747667, + "testability_score": 0.8, + "composite_score": 0.5344634341880492, + "supporting_claims": [ + "CLM:ae594ffbe687" + ], + "explanation": "Hypothesis: functional connectivity between Posterior Parietal Cortex and Olfactory Bulb may relate to spatial sense via 2-hop path.\nPath: Posterior Parietal Cortex --[part_of]--> Parietal Lobe --> Parietal Lobe --[modulates]--> spatial sense\nEvidence: 1 claims from 0 papers\nTestability: modalities: sMRI | brain regions: cortex, parietal\nConfidence: 0.30 | Novelty: 0.65 | Evidence: 0.37 | Testability: 0.80", + "testability_reason": "modalities: sMRI | brain regions: cortex, parietal", + "metadata": { + "dataset": "ADNI", + "input_modality": "fMRI", + "input_feature": "functional connectivity between Posterior Parietal Cortex and Olfactory Bulb", + "input_level": "connectivity", + "input_tool": "rfMRI", + "input_region_a": "Posterior Parietal Cortex", + "input_region_b": "Olfactory Bulb", + "input_region": "Posterior Parietal Cortex - Olfactory Bulb", + "outcome_type": "cognitive_function" + }, + "critic_score": 0.0, + "critic_feedback": [], + "critic_rounds": 0, + "evolve_score": 0.0 + } + ] +} \ No newline at end of file