Frost2o24/bash-instruct-55k

Bash Instruction-Tuning Dataset (~55k)

A synthetic instruction-tuning dataset that pairs natural-language requests with correct Bash solutions, built for fine-tuning small LLMs to translate plain requests into runnable shell commands, pipelines, and scripts.

Each example is a chat conversation (system / user / assistant) plus two metadata fields (category, utility) for slicing and analysis.

Format

One JSON object per line (bash_dataset.jsonl):

{
  "messages": [
    {"role": "system",    "content": "You are a Bash expert."},
    {"role": "user",      "content": "Show the last 20 lines of error.log."},
    {"role": "assistant", "content": "tail -n 20 error.log"}
  ],
  "category": "single",
  "utility": "tail"
}

• messages — the training conversation. The system prompt is one of 5 equivalent Bash-assistant prompts (rotated so the model doesn't overfit a single string).
• category — single | pipeline | script (see below).
• utility — the primary command of the solution (e.g. grep, awk, find, for), used to enforce a per-command cap and to analyze coverage.

Scripts (category == "script") contain real multi-line Bash (JSON-escaped \n), typically with set -euo pipefail, functions, getopts, trap cleanup, loops, here-docs, etc.

Statistics

Metric	Value
Examples	55,000
single (one-shot commands)	22,000 (40%)
pipeline (pipes, &&/||, $(...), xargs)	19,250 (35%)
script (multi-line)	13,750 (25%)
Distinct primary utilities	89
Max share of any one utility	4.00% (hard cap 2,200/util)
Unique user (NL) strings	98.7%
Unique assistant (Bash) strings	75.6%
Argument fidelity	100% (0 request/command noun mismatches)
Largest shared 4-word NL opening	1.4%

Validity: 100% pass bash -n (0 syntax errors). Static analysis with shellcheck flags no warning-level findings on 96% of a 4,000-example sample; almost all remaining findings are a single style nit (SC2010, ls | grep).

Argument fidelity: every example is checked so the command actually references the concrete nouns named in the request — the same filename, extension, user, group, service, process, and port. This is enforced at generation time by a hard gate (argcheck.py); the shipped file has 0 mismatches. (An earlier version of this generator had ~12% argument mismatches that bash -n/shellcheck could not detect, because a wrong filename still parses and lints; the gate exists specifically to prevent that.)

Coverage of system/info utilities that small models often get wrong (counts include single + pipeline + script uses):

util	n	util	n	util	n
journalctl	2200	lsof	648	ss	481
pstree	753	renice	365	nice	293
vmstat	288	netstat	234	iostat	183
w	158	dmesg	154	free	90
uptime	34	hostname	25

(uptime / hostname are lower because their genuine idiomatic command space is small; they are covered with real flag variants rather than padded phrasings.)

How it was built

Generated by a recipe engine (generate.py, included). Each recipe family emits (request, command) pairs by combining hand-written phrasing templates (imperative / question / casual) with realistic parameter pools (plausible file names, directories, ports, services, users, patterns). The generator enforces:

• category quotas (40 / 35 / 25),
• a 4% per-utility cap so no command dominates (a real failure mode of earlier runs),
• minimum floors for the info/system utilities above,
• SHA-1 deduplication of (request, command) pairs,
• an argument-fidelity gate (argcheck.py) — the command must reference the same concrete nouns the request names, or the pair is rejected,
• phrasing diversification so no single opening template dominates,
• a bash -n syntax gate on every command before it is written.

Every parameter (filename, dir, extension, user, ...) is drawn once per example and reused in both the request and the command, so they never disagree.

Loading

from datasets import load_dataset
ds = load_dataset("json", data_files="bash_dataset.jsonl", split="train")
print(ds[0]["messages"])

# analyze by slice
import collections
print(collections.Counter(ds["category"]))
print(collections.Counter(ds["utility"]).most_common(15))

The dataset viewer will expose messages, category, and utility as columns.

Intended use & limitations

Good for: teaching a small model to map natural-language requests to correct single Bash commands, short pipelines, and small scripts — including the system/info utilities listed above.

Limitations (be aware before relying on it):

• Synthetic. Variety comes from recombining templates and token pools, not from human authorship. Phrasing is diversified (no opening template exceeds ~1.5% of rows, NL strings are 98.7% unique), but the underlying request shapes are still generated from a finite set of families; ~24% of commands recur with different phrasings.
• Validity ≠ full semantic correctness. bash -n + shellcheck prove the commands parse and lint clean, and the argument-fidelity gate guarantees the command uses the nouns from the request; none of these prove the command's logic perfectly satisfies the intent. Some pairs are plausible-but-approximate (e.g. an awk column index assumes a particular log layout).
• Single-turn, one canonical answer. No explanations, alternatives, negative examples, or multi-turn dialogue.
• Not executed at scale on real Linux. Many commands (systemctl, journalctl, apt, vmstat, …) are idiomatic but were validated statically, not run.

Files

• bash_dataset.jsonl — the dataset (55,000 rows).
• generate.py — the generator (reproducible; resumable via progress.json).
• argcheck.py — the argument-fidelity checker used as the generation gate; also runnable as a standalone auditor over the dataset.
• README.md — this card.