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19,912,468 | Reduced expression of glutamate receptors and phosphorylation of CREB are responsible for in vivo Delta9-THC exposure-impaired hippocampal synaptic plasticity. | Chronic use of marijuana impairs synaptic plasticity and cognitive function. However, the molecular mechanisms by which marijuana alters long-term synaptic plasticity are largely unknown. Here, we show that repeated in vivo exposures to Delta9-THC for 7 consecutive days significantly impaired hippocampal long-term pote... |
19,911,166 | Early candidacy for differentiation into heterocysts in the filamentous cyanobacterium Anabaena sp. PCC 7120. | The filamentous cyanobacterium Anabaena sp. PCC 7120 fixes dinitrogen facultatively. Upon depletion of combined nitrogen, about 10% of vegetative cells within the filaments differentiate terminally into nitrogen-fixing cells. The heterocyst has been studied as a model system of prokaryotic cell differentiation, with ma... |
19,910,459 | Cannabinoids Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol differentially inhibit the lipopolysaccharide-activated NF-kappaB and interferon-betaSTAT proinflammatory pathways in BV-2 microglial cells. | Cannabinoids have been shown to exert anti-inflammatory activities in various in vivo and in vitro experimental models as well as ameliorate various inflammatory degenerative diseases. However, the mechanisms of these effects are not completely understood. Using the BV-2 mouse microglial cell line and lipopolysaccharid... |
19,902,182 | Discriminative stimulus functions of methanandamide and delta(9)-THC in rats tests with aminoalkylindoles (WIN55,212-2 and AM678) and ethanol. | The aim of the study was to characterize in vivo the aminoalkylindoles WIN55,212-2 (WIN) and AM678 (naphthalen-1-yl(1-pentyl-1H-indol-3-yl)methanone) as cannabinoid receptor (CB(1)R) ligands using drug discrimination. Tests also involved delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and R-()-methanandamide (mAEA), a metabolicall... |
19,901,823 | Novel approach to data analysis in cocaine-conditioned place preference. | Only a subgroup of human drug users progress from initial drug taking to drug addiction. The learned associations between the effects of the drug and the environment in which it is experienced is an important aspect of the progression to continued drug taking and drug seeking. These associations can be modeled using th... |
19,899,781 | Role of water in molecular docking simulations of cytochrome P450 2D6. | Active-site water molecules form an important component in biological systems, facilitating promiscuous binding or an increase in specificity and affinity. Taking water molecules into account in computational approaches to drug design or site-of-metabolism predictions is currently far from straightforward. In this stud... |
19,897,081 | Neural and cardiac toxicities associated with 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA). | (-)-3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) is a commonly abused illicit drug which affects multiple organ systems. In animals, high-dose administration of MDMA produces deficits in serotonin (5-HT) neurons (e.g., depletion of forebrain 5-HT) that have been viewed as neurotoxicity. Recent data implicate MDMA in the de... |
19,897,077 | Involvement of nicotinic receptors in methamphetamine- and MDMA-induced neurotoxicity pharmacological implications. | During the last years, we have focused on the study of the neurotoxic effects of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and methamphetamine (METH) on the central nervous system (CNS) and their pharmacological prevention methods. In the process of this research, we have used a semipurified synaptosomal preparation fro... |
19,897,002 | Opposite effect of phencyclidine on activity-regulated cytoskeleton-associated protein (Arc) in juvenile and adult limbic rat brain regions. | The psychotomimetic effect of NMDA antagonists such as phencyclidine (PCP) in humans spurred the hypoglutamatergic theory of schizophrenia. This theory is supported by animal studies demonstrating schizophrenia-like behavioral and molecular changes following PCP administration to adult or neonatal animals. However, sch... |
19,896,773 | An item response theory analysis of DSM-IV criteria for hallucinogen abuse and dependence in adolescents. | This study applied both item response theory (IRT) and multiple indicators-multiple causes (MIMIC) methods to evaluate item-level psychometric properties of diagnostic questions for hallucinogen use disorders (HUDs), differential item functioning (DIF), and predictors of latent HUD. Data were drawn from 2004-2006 Natio... |
19,896,326 | Multicenter, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study of the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of THCCBD extract and THC extract in patients with intractable cancer-related pain. | This study compared the efficacy of a tetrahydrocannabinolcannabidiol (THCCBD) extract, a nonopioid analgesic endocannabinoid system modulator, and a THC extract, with placebo, in relieving pain in patients with advanced cancer. In total, 177 patients with cancer pain, who experienced inadequate analgesia despite chron... |
19,895,768 | Risk profile of male college athletes who use performance-enhancing substances. | There is a general perception that use of performance-enhancing substances (PESs) does not fit the standard profile of substance use. This study sought to determine whether users of PESs report high-risk patterns of alcohol and other drug use and demonstrate risk behaviors associated with problematic substance use. Ano... |
19,893,337 | Investigating the role of serotonin in visual orientation processing using an ecstasy (MDMA)-based research model. | A growing body of evidence suggests that regular ecstasy (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine) use causes lasting changes to central serotonergic functioning in humans, including in the occipital lobe. Serotonin may play a role in visual orientation processing, mediated in the occipital lobe, via lateral inhibition. The ... |
19,893,336 | Weekly gamma-hydroxybutyrate exposure sensitizes locomotor hyperactivity to low-dose 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine in rats. | Users of the popular party drug 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) sometimes report combining MDMA with gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) to enhance the pleasurable effects of both drugs. However, very few studies have examined the influences of this drug combination. The present study investigated the development of l... |
19,893,335 | Interactions between 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine and ethanol in humans and rodents. | Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ecstasy) is a widely used recreational drug, often associated with dance parties. Users self-report euphoria, a sense of well-being and increased feelings of affiliation. In experimental animals, MDMA produces an acute, rapid release of serotonin and, to a lesser extent, dopamine an... |
19,893,334 | The epidemiology of ecstasy use and harms in Australia. | This paper examines the epidemiology of ecstasy use and harm in Australia using multiple data sources. The data included (1) Australian Customs Service 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) detections (2) the National Drug Strategy Household and Australian Secondary Student Alcohol and Drug Surveys (3) data from Aus... |
19,893,333 | Executive working memory deficits in abstinent ecstasyMDMA users a critical review. | This review examined studies of executive functioning in abstinent ecstasy (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine, MDMA) users on tasks which had been empirically mapped onto updating, shifting, inhibition and accessing long-term memory executive processes. Studies of some aspects of visuospatial memory performance were al... |
19,893,332 | Cortisol and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine neurohormonal aspects of bioenergetic stress in ecstasy users. | 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) can affect both neurotransmitter and neurohormonal activity. This review will debate the role of the metabolic activation hormone cortisol for the psychobiological effects of ecstasyMDMA. The empirical literature on cortisol release following acute MDMA administration and cortis... |
19,893,331 | Can the severity of dependence scale be usefully applied to ecstasy | Although use of ecstasy (drugs sold as containing 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine) is prevalent, it is typically infrequent, and treatment presentations involving ecstasy as a principal problem drug are relatively rare. Human case reports and animal literature suggest dependence potential, although there may be some ... |
19,893,330 | MDMA self-administration in laboratory animals a summary of the literature and proposal for future research. | The prevalence of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) use has increased globally and the pattern of consumption has changed considerably. Previously, a subculture of MDMA users was fairly restricted to the dance club scene. More recently, use has spread outside of this subculture and now many users consume MDMA fr... |
19,893,329 | On the mechanisms underlying 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine toxicity the dilemma of the chicken and the egg. | Administration of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ecstasy) to various experimental animals has been shown to induce a selective damage to serotonergic axon terminals. While a great consensus appears to exist regarding the causative role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the mechanisms underlying MDMA toxicit... |
19,891,989 | Behavioral, thermal and neurochemical effects of acute and chronic 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (Ecstasy) self-administration. | 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) is a popular methamphetamine derivative associated with young adults and all-night dance parties. However, the enduring effects of MDMA at voluntary intake levels have not been extensively investigated. In this study, MDMA-influenced behaviors and core temperatures were assessed... |
19,890,495 | Selective natural kappa opioid and cannabinoid receptor agonists with a potential role in the treatment of gastrointestinal dysfunction. | Salvinorin A is the major active ingredient of Salvia divinorum, a plant used by the Mazatec Indians of Mexico for spiritual and medical purposes. Different preparations from S. divinorum are also used in traditional healing practices to treat gastrointestinal disorders, including diarrhea. The recent extensive researc... |
19,890,014 | Sleep deprivation differentially impairs cognitive performance in abstinent methylenedioxymethamphetamine (Ecstasy) users. | Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA Ecstasy) is a popular recreational drug and brain serotonin (5-HT) neurotoxin. Neuroimaging data indicate that some human MDMA users develop persistent deficits in brain 5-HT neuronal markers. Although the consequences of MDMA-induced 5-HT neurotoxicity are not fully understood, abst... |
19,889,983 | Rapid modulation of spine morphology by the 5-HT2A serotonin receptor through kalirin-7 signaling. | The 5-HT(2A) serotonin receptor is the most abundant serotonin receptor subtype in the cortex and is predominantly expressed in pyramidal neurons. The 5-HT(2A) receptor is a target of several hallucinogens, antipsychotics, anxiolytics, and antidepressants, and it has been associated with several psychiatric disorders, ... |
19,887,077 | Brain-derived neurotrophic factor prevents phencyclidine-induced apoptosis in developing brain by parallel activation of both the ERK and PI-3KAkt pathways. | Phencyclidine is an N-methyl d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) blocker that has been reported to induce neuronal apoptosis during development and schizophrenia-like behaviors in rats later in life. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) has been shown to prevent neuronal death caused by NMDAR blockade, but the precise mec... |
19,887,017 | Interaction of drugs of abuse and maintenance treatments with human P-glycoprotein (ABCB1) and breast cancer resistance protein (ABCG2). | Drug interaction with P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) may influence its tissue disposition including blood-brain barrier transport and result in potent drug-drug interactions. The limited data obtained using in-vitro models indicate that methadone, buprenorphine, and cannabinoids may i... |
19,883,712 | Effect of adolescent exposure to WIN 55212-2 on the acquisition and reinstatement of MDMA-induced conditioned place preference. | The present study employs a conditioned place preference procedure (CPP) to examine the effects of exposure to the cannabinoid agonist WIN 55212-2 (WIN) (0.1 and 0.5mgkg) during adolescence on the reinforcing properties of -3,4-methylenedioxymetamphetamine hydrochloride (MDMA) (1.25 and 2.5mgkg) in mice. On postnatal d... |
19,883,531 | Cancer-induced cachexia a guide for the oncologist. | Cancer-induced cachexia (CIC) is a paraneoplastic syndrome that may account for up to 20% of deaths in cancer patients. Cachexia includes distinct metabolic changes that are the result of an acute-phase response (APR) mounted by the host as a reaction to tumor cells. These changes include increased muscle proteolysis, ... |
19,882,200 | Caffeine enhances astroglia and microglia reactivity induced by 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (ecstasy) in mouse brain. | Several reports suggest that 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) induces neurotoxic effects and gliosis. Since recreational use of MDMA is often associated with caffeinated beverages, we investigated whether caffeine interferes with MDMA-induced astroglia and microglia activation, thus facilitating its neurotoxici... |
19,881,334 | Effect of D1-like and D2-like receptor antagonists on methamphetamine and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine self-administration in rats. | It has been suggested that activation of dopamine D1-like and D2-like receptors contribute equally to the maintenance of drug self-administration. This study compared the contribution of these receptor subtypes to 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and methamphetamine (MA) self-administration. Effects of pretreat... |
19,880,258 | Modifiable risk factors of ecstasy use risk perception, current dependence, perceived control, and depression. | Risk perception, perceived behavioral control of obtaining ecstasy (PBC-obtaining), current ecstasy dependence, and recent depression have been associated with past ecstasy use, however, their utility in predicting ecstasy use has not been demonstrated. This study aimed to determine whether these four modifiable risk f... |
19,878,416 | Morbidity involving the hallucinogenic designer amines MDA and 2C-I. | A case is presented of a 39-year-old woman who suffered severe debilitation because of a hemorrhagic stroke in the context of substance abuse. The patient presented to the emergency room with rapidly diminishing mental status, hypertension, and vasoconstriction her friends provided a history of ingestion of cocaine, 3,... |
19,878,142 | Single exposure to cocaine or ecstasy induces DNA damage in brain and other organs of mice. | We evaluated the overall genetic damage induced by different doses of cocaine and MDMA (3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine) in several organs. One hour after intraperitoneal drug administration, mice were euthanized peripheral blood, liver and brain were collected, and the cellular suspensions were used for the single c... |
19,878,141 | 5-HTTLPR polymorphism, mood disorders and MDMA use in a 3-year follow-up study. | A 3-year longitudinal prospective study was conducted to compare the incidence of substance use disorders (SUD) and non-substance use disorders (NSUD) among ecstasy users and two control groups one of cannabis users and the other of non-drug users. The 5-HTTLPR polymorphism related to NSUD was also studied. A total of ... |
19,877,498 | Neurotoxicity of drugs of abuse--the case of methylenedioxyamphetamines (MDMA, ecstasy), and amphetamines. | Ecstasy (MDMA, 3,4-methylendioxymethamphetamine) and the stimulants methamphetamine (METH, speed) and amphetamine are popular drugs among young people, particularly in the dance scene. When given in high doses both MDMA and the stimulant amphetamines are clearly neurotoxic in laboratory animals. MDMA causes selective a... |
19,875,674 | 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor stimulation of mitochondrial biogenesis. | Mitochondrial dysfunction is both a cause and target of reactive oxygen species during ischemia-reperfusion, drug, and toxicant injury. After injury, renal proximal tubular cells (RPTC) recover mitochondrial function by increasing the expression of the master regulator of mitochondrial biogenesis, peroxisome-proliferat... |
19,874,669 | A fatality from an oral ingestion of methamphetamine. | The case presented is of a 49-year-old white male decedent who admitted to oral ingestion of methamphetamine. He believed he was being followed by the police while walking his daughter to school in the morning and swallowed the 8-ball of meth, which is known to be one-eighth of an ounce or the equivalent of about 3 g. ... |
19,874,654 | Implications of plasma Delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol, 11-hydroxy-THC, and 11-nor-9-carboxy-THC concentrations in chronic cannabis smokers. | Delta(9)-Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is commonly found in toxicological specimens from driving under the influence and accident investigations. Plasma cannabinoid concentrations were determined in 18 long-term heavy cannabis smokers residing on an in-patient research unit for seven days of monitored abstinence. THC, 11-... |
19,874,653 | Solid-phase extraction and analysis of THC and carboxy-THC from whole blood using a novel fluorinated solid-phase extraction sorbent and fast liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. | In this study, solid-phase extraction (SPE) is described using a novel fluorinated heptadecafluorotetrahydrodecyl (C(10)H(4)F(17)) phase to isolate THC and its primary metabolite carboxy-THC from whole blood samples. SPE was performed in hydrophobic mode after samples of whole blood were precipitated with acetonitrile.... |
19,874,652 | Automated solid-phase extraction-liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis of 11-nor-Delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol-9-carboxylic acid in human urine specimens application to a high-throughput urine analysis laboratory. | An automated solid-phase extraction coupled with liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry (SPE-LC-MS-MS) method for the analysis of 11-nor-Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol-9-carboxylic acid (THC-COOH) in human urine specimens was developed. The method was linear (R(2) 0.9986) to 1000 ngmL with no carryover evide... |
19,874,650 | Urinary MDMA, MDA, HMMA, and HMA excretion following controlled MDMA administration to humans. | 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), or ecstasy, is excreted as unchanged drug, 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA), and free and glucuronidatedsulfated 4-hydroxy-3-methoxymethamphetamine (HMMA), and 4-hydroxy-3-methoxyamphetamine (HMA) metabolites. The aim of this paper is to describe the pattern and timeframe of... |
19,874,166 | The variety of ecstasyMDMA users results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on alcohol and related conditions. | This study investigates the potential heterogeneity of ecstasy or MDMA (3,4-methylenedioxy-N-methylamphetamine) users. Data came from the 2001-2002 National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC). Latent class analysis (LCA) and multinomial logistic regression procedures were used to identify s... |
19,874,164 | Sleep impairment in ecstasypolydrug and cannabis-only users. | The present study investigated aspects of sleep quality in ecstasy and cannabis users. Two-hundred and twenty seven participants (117 ecstasypolydrug users, 53 cannabis users and 57 drug naive participants) took part. The participants completed measures of daytime sleepiness, and indicators of sleep quality. The result... |
19,864,614 | Attenuation of phencyclidine-induced object recognition deficits by the combination of atypical antipsychotic drugs and pimavanserin (ACP 103), a 5-hydroxytryptamine(2A) receptor inverse agonist. | Subchronic administration of the N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor antagonist, phencyclidine (PCP), in rodents has been shown to produce impairment in novel object recognition (NOR), a model of visual learning and memory. We tested the hypothesis that the selective 5-HT(2A) inverse agonists, pimavanserin and (R)-()-alpha-(... |
19,858,757 | Intrauterine cannabis exposure affects fetal growth trajectories the Generation R Study. | Cannabis is the most commonly consumed illicit drug among pregnant women. Intrauterine exposure to cannabis may result in risks for the developing fetus. The importance of intrauterine growth on subsequent psychological and behavioral child development has been demonstrated. This study examined the relation between mat... |
19,858,202 | Cannabinoid receptor type 1- and 2-mediated increase in cyclic AMP inhibits T cell receptor-triggered signaling. | The aim of this study was to characterize inhibitory mechanisms on T cell receptor signaling mediated by the cannabinoid receptors CB1 and CB2. Both receptors are coupled to G(io) proteins, which are associated with inhibition of cyclic AMP formation. In human primary and Jurkat T lymphocytes, activation of CB1 by R()-... |
19,855,399 | Inhibition of the histone demethylase LSD1 blocks alpha-herpesvirus lytic replication and reactivation from latency. | Reversible methylation of histone tails serves as either a positive signal recognized by transcriptional assemblies or a negative signal that result in repression. Invading viral pathogens that depend upon the host cells transcriptional apparatus are also subject to the regulatory impact of chromatin assembly and modif... |
19,854,030 | Cannabinoid self-administration attenuates PCP-induced schizophrenia-like symptoms in adult rats. | Although considerable attention has been paid to the relationship between Cannabis use and schizophrenia, there is a significant uncertainty regarding the role of Cannabis consumption in the pathoetiology of the disorder. We investigated the correlation between voluntary cannabinoid consumption and behavioral traits in... |
19,853,622 | Altered adult locomotor activity in rats from phencyclidine treatment on postnatal days 7, 9 and 11, but not repeated ketamine treatment on postnatal day 7. | Neonatal ketamine (KET) or phencyclidine (PCP) treatment can trigger apoptotic neurodegeneration in rodents. Previously, we described KET- and PCP-induced altered body weight and home cage, slant board and forelimb hang behaviors in preweaning rats (Boctor et al., 2008). In that study, L-carnitine (LC) attenuated the K... |
19,853,595 | Induction of energy metabolism related enzymes in yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae exposed to ibogaine is adaptation to acute decrease in ATP energy pool. | Ibogaine has been extensively studied in the last decades in relation to its anti-addictive properties that have been repeatedly reported as being addiction interruptive and craving eliminative. In our previous study we have already demonstrated induction of energy related enzymes in rat brains treated with ibogaine at... |
19,853,392 | Degradation of N-hydroxy-3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine in aqueous solution and its prevention. | N-Hydroxy-3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (N-OH-MDMA) is a lesser known psychedelic drug that has recently circulated in the Japanese illicit drug market. From the instability of the similarly structured N-hydroxy-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (N-OH-MDA) in neutral-to-basic aqueous solution, it was presumed that N-OH... |
19,851,757 | Sertindole improves sub-chronic PCP-induced reversal learning and episodic memory deficits in rodents involvement of 5-HT(6) and 5-HT (2A) receptor mechanisms. | This study examined the efficacy of sertindole in comparison with a selective 5-HT(6) and a 5-HT(2A) receptor antagonist to reverse sub-chronic phencyclidine (PCP)-induced cognitive deficits in female rats. In the first test, adult female hooded Lister rats were trained to perform an operant reversal learning task to 9... |
19,851,718 | Mice lacking multidrug resistance protein 1a show altered dopaminergic responses to methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) in striatum. | Multidrug resistance protein 1a (MDR1a) potentiated methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)-induced decreases of dopamine (DA) and dopamine transport protein in mouse brain one week after MDMA administration. In the present study, we examined if mdr1a wild-type (mdr1a ) and knock-out (mdr1a --) mice differentially handle ... |
19,845,035 | A pilot study using nabilone for symptomatic treatment in Huntingtons disease. | Pilot study of nabilone in Huntingtons disease (HD). Double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over study of nabilone versus placebo. Primary outcome, Unified Huntingtons Disease Rating Scale (UHDRS) total motor score. Secondary measures UHDRS subsections for chorea, cognition and behavior, and neuropsychiatric inventory... |
19,844,739 | Serotonergic mechanisms on breathing modulation in the rat locus coeruleus. | The locus coeruleus (LC) is a noradrenergic nucleus that plays an important role in the ventilatory response to hypercapnia. This nucleus is densely innervated by serotonergic fibers and contains high density of serotonin (5-HT) receptors, including 5-HT(1A) and 5-HT(2). We assessed the possible modulation of respirato... |
19,844,572 | DYRK1A, a novel determinant of the methionine-homocysteine cycle in different mouse models overexpressing this Down-syndrome-associated kinase. | Hyperhomocysteinemia, characterized by increased plasma homocysteine level, is associated with an increased risk of atherosclerosis. On the contrary, patients with Down syndrome appear to be protected from the development of atherosclerosis. We previously found a deleterious effect of hyperhomocysteinemia on expression... |
19,841,904 | Administration of neurotoxic doses of MDMA reduces sensitivity to ethanol and increases GAT-1 immunoreactivity in mice striatum. | Mice with reduced dopamine activity following neurotoxic doses of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ecstasy) consume more ethanol (EtOH) and show greater preference for EtOH. In keeping with human studies and other animal models where alcohol consumption and preference are also high, MDMA treatment will reduce s... |
19,840,819 | Acute SSRI-induced anxiogenic and brain metabolic effects are attenuated 6 months after initial MDMA-induced depletion. | To assess the functional state of the serotonergic system, the acute behavioural and brain metabolic effect of SSRI antidepressants were studied during the recovery period after MDMA-induced neuronal damage. The effects of the SSRI fluoxetine and the serotonin receptor agonist meta-chloro-phenylpiperazine (m-CPP) were ... |
19,840,815 | Acute nicotine and phencyclidine increase locomotor activity of the guinea pig with attenuated potencies relative to their effects on rat or mouse. | Behavioral assays of the responses to psychomotor stimulants can be used to model certain aspects of CNS pathologies such as psychosis and addiction. However, species-dependent differences in the effects of neuromodulators in these assays can confound the interpretation of the results. The goal of this study was to det... |
19,840,270 | Involvement of cannabinoid-1 and cannabinoid-2 receptors in septic ileus. | BACKGROUND Cannabinoid (CB) receptors are involved in the regulation of gastrointestinal (GI) motility under physiological and pathophysiological conditions. We aimed to characterize the possible influence of CB(1) and CB(2) receptors on motility impairment in a model of septic ileus. METHODS Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) i... |
19,837,255 | Adverse health effects of non-medical cannabis use. | For over two decades, cannabis, commonly known as marijuana, has been the most widely used illicit drug by young people in high-income countries, and has recently become popular on a global scale. Epidemiological research during the past 10 years suggests that regular use of cannabis during adolescence and into adultho... |
19,836,928 | The development- and phencyclidine-regulated induction of synapse-associated protein-97 gene in the rat neocortex. | Using the RNA arbitrarily-primed PCR and the competitive RT-PCR, we have isolated the neocortical transcripts that are upregulated and unchanged in the adult and infant rats, respectively, after a systemic injection of an N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist phencyclidine (PCP), and found them identical to t... |
19,836,170 | Is ecstasy a drug of dependence | This paper examines the evidence for an MDMA or ecstasy dependence syndrome. Animal evidence suggests that MDMA may be a less potent reinforcer than other drugs, but that it does have dependence potential. This suggests that (a) ecstasy dependence might be less likely than dependence upon other drugs and (b) factors re... |
19,835,658 | Prenatal exposure to phencyclidine produces abnormal behaviour and NMDA receptor expression in postpubertal mice. | Several studies have shown the disruptive effects of non-competitive N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonists on neurobehavioural development. Based on the neurodevelopment hypothesis of schizophrenia, there is growing interest in animal models treated with NMDA antagonists at developing stages to investigate t... |
19,833,841 | Delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), 11-hydroxy-THC, and 11-nor-9-carboxy-THC plasma pharmacokinetics during and after continuous high-dose oral THC. | Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is the primary psychoactive constituent of cannabis and an active cannabinoid pharmacotherapy component. No plasma pharmacokinetic data after repeated oral THC administration are available. Six adult male daily cannabis smokers resided on a closed clinical research unit. Oral THC cap... |
19,829,291 | A cannabinoid CB(1) receptor antagonist ameliorates impairment of recognition memory on withdrawal from MDMA (Ecstasy). | (-)-3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, Ecstasy) abusers have persistent neuropsychiatric deficits including memory impairments after the cessation of abuse. On the other hand, cannabinoid CB(1) receptors have been implicated in learningmemory, and are highly expressed in the hippocampus, a region of the brain bel... |
19,829,208 | The psychotomimetic effects of short-term sensory deprivation. | People experiencing sensory deprivation often report perceptual disturbances such as hallucinations, especially over extended periods of time. However, there is little evidence concerning short-term sensory deprivation and whether its effects differ depending on the individual concerned, and in particular their pronene... |
19,828,353 | A fatal case of myocardial damage due to misuse of the designer drug MDMA. | A 39-year-old woman collapsed after oral intake of 3,4-methylenedioxymethyl-amphetamine (MDMA, ecstasy). After ingestion of the drug, she had felt persistent discomfort in her anterior chest area, and lost consciousness for a few minutes on the following morning. She was transported to a hospital and died seven days af... |
19,824,774 | MDMA pretreatment leads to mild chronic unpredictable stress-induced impairments in spatial learning. | 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) is a drug of abuse worldwide and a selective serotonin (5-HT) neurotoxin. An important factor in the risk of drug abuse and relapse is stress. Although multiple parallels exist between MDMA abuse and stress, including effects on 5-HTergic neurotransmission, few studies have inve... |
19,824,017 | Electrospray MS-based characterization of beta-carbolines--mutagenic constituents of thermally processed meat. | The beta-carbolines 1-methyl-9H-pyrido 3,4-bindole and 9H-pyrido3,4bindole have been implicated as having causative roles in a number of human diseases, such as Parkinsons disease and cancer. As they can be formed during the heating of protein-rich food, a number of analytical methodologies have been proposed for their... |
19,823,808 | Long-term neuropsychological effects of ecstasy in middle-aged ecstasypolydrug users. | Studies reporting ecstasy-induced serotonin-toxicity and (neuro)psychological dysfunctions have been conducted in young adults. Little is known about ecstasy effects later in life, when serotonin levels and cognition decrease as a consequence of normal ageing. This study aimed to assess whether harmful effects of ecsta... |
19,822,174 | Positive modulation of alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptors reverses sub-chronic PCP-induced deficits in the novel object recognition task in rats. | Cognitive deficits are a major clinical unmet need in schizophrenia. The psychotomimetic drug phencyclidine (PCP) is widely applied in rodents to mimic symptoms of schizophrenia, including cognitive deficits. Previous studies have shown that sub-chronic PCP induces an enduring episodic memory deficit in female Lister H... |
19,821,373 | Cannabinoids for Tourettes Syndrome. | Gilles de la Tourette Syndrome (GTS) is a developmental neuropsychiatric disorder characterised by the presence of chronic motor and phonic tics. Drugs currently used in the treatment of GTS either lack efficacy or are associated with intolerable side effects. There is some anecdotal and experimental evidence that cann... |
19,821,188 | Pain management and substance abuse a national dilemma. | Pain is the most common reason for medical care in the United States (Vukmir, 2004), with 32.8% of the U.S. population experiencing persistent or chronic pain symptoms. Undertreatment of pain is pervasive, as Congress declared 2001 to 2010 the decade of pain control in research and pharmaceutical companies responded wi... |
19,819,240 | Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol regulates the p53 post-translational modifiers Murine double minute 2 and the Small Ubiquitin MOdifier protein in the rat brain. | The phytocannabinoid Delta(9)-Tetrahydrocannabinol (Delta(9)-THC), the main psychoactive cannabinoid in cannabis, activates a number of signalling cascades including p53. This study examines the role of Delta(9)-THC in regulating the p53 post-translational modifier proteins, Murine double minute (Mdm2) and Small Ubquit... |
19,810,020 | Hollow fibre-supported liquid membrane extraction and LC-MSMS detection for the analysis of heterocyclic amines in urine samples. | Heterocyclic amines (HCAs) are potent mutagenscarcinogens to which humans are frequently exposed through the consumption of cooked meat and fish food. The effect of normal intake of HCAs and their role in the aetiology of human cancer is unknown. To some extent, limitations of the existing analytical methods in monitor... |
19,808,912 | Randomized placebo-controlled double-blind clinical trial of cannabis-based medicinal product (Sativex) in painful diabetic neuropathy depression is a major confounding factor. | To assess the efficacy of Sativex, a cannabis-based medicinal extract, as adjuvant treatment in painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN). In this randomized controlled trial, 30 subjects with painful DPN received daily Sativex or placebo. The primary outcome measure was change in mean daily pain scores, and seconda... |
19,804,462 | Do Delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol concentrations indicate recent use in chronic cannabis users | To quantify blood Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) concentrations in chronic cannabis users over 7 days of continuous monitored abstinence. Twenty-five frequent, long-term cannabis users resided on a secure clinical research unit at the US National Institute on Drug Abuse under continuous medical surveillance to pre... |
19,804,461 | Content of ecstasy in the Netherlands 1993-2008. | The present paper outlines the results of analyses carried out on the content of tablets sold as ecstasy, collected in the Netherlands by the Drugs Information Monitoring System (DIMS) from January 1993 to December 2008. During a period of 16 years, the DIMS analysed the content of 33 006 tablets sold as ecstasy that w... |
19,804,460 | Extending drug ethno-epidemiology using agent-based modelling. | To show how the inclusion of agent-based modelling improved the integration of ethno-epidemiological data in a study of psychostimulant use and related harms among young Australians. Agent-based modelling, ethnographic fieldwork, in-depth interviews and epidemiological surveys. Melbourne, Perth and Sydney, Australia. C... |
19,803,632 | The association between the negative effects attributed to ecstasy use and measures of cognition and mood among users. | In self reports, abstinent ecstasypolydrug users claim that they experience certain ongoing affective and psychological changes including elevated anxiety, arousal, and depression. In addition, various aspects of cognition (e.g., everyday memory, reasoning, executive functioning) appear to be affected. The present pape... |
19,800,725 | Emerging treatments for PTSD. | Recent innovations in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) research have identified new treatments with significant potential, as well as novel enhancements to empirically-validated treatments. This paper reviews emerging psychotherapeutic and pharmacologic interventions for the treatment of PTSD. It examines the evide... |
19,799,583 | Mifepristone and spironolactone differently alter cocaine intravenous self-administration and cocaine-induced locomotion in C57BL6J mice. | Corticosterone, the main glucorticoid hormone in rodents, facilitates behavioral responses to cocaine. Corticosterone is proposed to modulate cocaine intravenous self-administration (SA) and cocaine-induced locomotion through distinct receptors, the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) and the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR), ... |
19,799,545 | Chemical interactions with pyramidal neurons in layer 5 of the cerebral cortex control of pain and anxiety. | Pyramidal neurons in layer 5 of the cerebral cortex are involved in learning and memory and have complex connections with other neurons through a very large array of dendrites. These dendrites can switch between long term depression and long term potentiation depending on global summation of various inputs. The plastic... |
19,798,748 | Enzymatic-nonenzymatic cellular antioxidant defense systems response and immunohistochemical detection of MDMA, VMAT2, HSP70, and apoptosis as biomarkers for MDMA (Ecstasy) neurotoxicity. | 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)-induced neurotoxicity leads to the formation of quinone metabolities and hydroxyl radicals and then to the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). We evaluated the effect of a single dose of MDMA (20 mgkg, i.p.) on the enzymatic and nonenzymatic cellular antioxidant defense... |
19,797,719 | Simultaneous screening and quantification of 29 drugs of abuse in oral fluid by solid-phase extraction and ultraperformance LC-MSMS. | The European DRUID (Driving under the Influence of Drugs, Alcohol And Medicines) project calls for analysis of oral fluid (OF) samples, collected randomly and anonymously at the roadside from drivers in Denmark throughout 2008-2009. To analyze these samples we developed an ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem... |
19,796,506 | Methylenedioxymethamphetamine-related deaths in Taiwan 2001-2008. | Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) has been one of most popular drugs in the club scene in Taiwan. This epidemic was studied through the examination of toxicological data obtained from the 59 fatalities tested positive for MDMA during the period of January 2001 to December 2008. Ketamine was found in 28 of these case... |
19,796,505 | Comprehensive analysis of drugs of abuse in urine using disposable pipette extraction. | The extraction of basic, acidic, and neutral drugs of abuse from a low volume of urine (0.2 mL) using disposable pipette extraction (DPX) is described. DPX is a solid-phase extraction device that uses loosely contained sorbent inside a pipette tip fitted with a screen. This device provides faster extraction times becau... |
19,796,173 | Harmine specifically inhibits protein kinase DYRK1A and interferes with neurite formation. | DYRK1A is a dual-specificity protein kinase that autophosphorylates a conserved tyrosine residue in the activation loop but phosphorylates exogenous substrates only at serine or threonine residues. Tyrosine autophosphorylation of DYRKs is a one-off event that takes place during translation and induces the activation of... |
24,494,090 | Knowledge of Dentistry, Medicine, and Pharmacy Students about Psychedelic Drugs in Kerman University of Medical Sciences. | Psychedelic drugs can cause one to get out of normal status and permanent cerebral defects, via affecting central nervous system. Consumption of theses drugs seems to be increasing nowadays especially among the youth and university educated population. We conducted a study to evaluate the awareness of medical science s... |
19,788,138 | Amphetamine and its analogues determination in urine from patients hospitalized in the Department of Toxicology Jagiellonian University Collegium Medicum in Krakow. | The most popular stimulant drugs in Poland are amphetamine and its analogues ecstasy (MDMA) and methamphetamine (MA). The substances are usually determined by immunoassays (EMIT, FPIA, Rapid Tests) in medical, toxicological laboratories. The methods are not useful for identification of the substances. Chromatography me... |
19,785,914 | A behavioural comparison of acute and chronic Delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol in C57BL6JArc mice. | Cannabis contains over 70 unique compounds and its abuse is linked to an increased risk of developing schizophrenia. The behavioural profiles of the psychotropic cannabis constituent Delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Delta9-THC) and the non-psychotomimetic constituent cannabidiol (CBD) were investigated with a battery of be... |
19,784,487 | Recreational use of benzydamine as a hallucinogen among street youth in Brazil. | To describe the recreational use of benzydamine, an anti-inflammatory drug, among street youth in Brazil. a descriptive, cross sectional survey. 93 welfare services for the street youth in 27 Brazilian capitals. 2807 street youth, 10 to 18 years old. demographic characteristics, drug use pattern (lifetime use, use in t... |
19,783,867 | Methamphetamine- and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine-induced behavioral changes in histamine H3-receptor knockout mice. | Histamine H(3) receptors inhibit the release of not only histamine itself, but also other neurotransmitters including dopamine. Previous papers have reported that histaminergic neurons inhibit psychostimulant-induced behavioral changes. To examine whether deficiency in histamine H(3) receptors influences psychostimulan... |
19,783,385 | Daily marijuana users with past alcohol problems increase alcohol consumption during marijuana abstinence. | Drug abuse treatment programs typically recommend complete abstinence because of a fear that clients who stop use of one drug will substitute another. A within-subjects study investigated whether consumption of alcohol and other substances changes during marijuana abstinence. Twenty-eight daily marijuana users who were... |
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