| --- |
| language: |
| - it |
| license: mit |
| size_categories: |
| - 1K<n<10K |
| task_categories: |
| - text-classification |
| - feature-extraction |
| - text-generation |
| pretty_name: Dataset Metafore |
| configs: |
| - config_name: analisi |
| data_files: analysis/*.csv |
| - config_name: analysis/min_1b_logprobs |
| data_files: |
| - split: train |
| path: analysis/min_1b_logprobs/train-* |
| - config_name: analysis/min_3b_logprobs |
| data_files: |
| - split: train |
| path: analysis/min_3b_logprobs/train-* |
| - config_name: clustering |
| data_files: clustering/*.csv |
| - config_name: default |
| data_files: |
| - metafore/*.csv |
| - results/interpretazioni_esperimento.csv |
| - config_name: metafore |
| data_files: data/metafore.csv |
| - config_name: partecipanti |
| data_files: data/partecipanti_dati_anagrafici.csv |
| - config_name: risultati |
| data_files: results/*.csv |
| tags: |
| - metaphor |
| - psychology |
| - italian |
| - linguistics |
| dataset_info: |
| - config_name: analysis/min_1b_logprobs |
| features: |
| - name: m_id |
| dtype: string |
| - name: metafora |
| dtype: string |
| - name: interpretazione |
| dtype: string |
| - name: model_score |
| dtype: float64 |
| - name: probability_normalized |
| dtype: float64 |
| - name: __index_level_0__ |
| dtype: int64 |
| splits: |
| - name: train |
| num_bytes: 541701 |
| num_examples: 2540 |
| download_size: 120341 |
| dataset_size: 541701 |
| - config_name: analysis/min_3b_logprobs |
| features: |
| - name: m_id |
| dtype: string |
| - name: metafora |
| dtype: string |
| - name: interpretazione |
| dtype: string |
| - name: model_score |
| dtype: float64 |
| - name: probability_normalized |
| dtype: float64 |
| - name: __index_level_0__ |
| dtype: int64 |
| splits: |
| - name: train |
| num_bytes: 541701 |
| num_examples: 2540 |
| download_size: 120370 |
| dataset_size: 541701 |
| --- |
| |
| # 📊 Dataset Metafore |
|
|
| **Dataset title:** Dataset Metafore |
| **Related paper:** [*Language Models and the Magic of Metaphor: A Comparative Evaluation with Human Judgments*](https://aclanthology.org/2025.clicit-1.68/) — S. Mazzoli, A. Suozzi, G. E. Lebani (CLiC-it 2025). |
|
|
| > This repository contains CSV files used in the study described above. The data were collected from human participants who provided metaphor interpretations and ratings, and from several Italian-trained language models whose normalized log-probabilities were computed on human interpretations and systematically constructed distractors. |
|
|
| --- |
|
|
| ## 🗂 Overview |
|
|
| The dataset contains 140 metaphors extracted from Italian parliamentary transcripts ([Chamber of Deputies, 2008–2022](https://www.camera.it/leg18/221)). Human participants provided free-form interpretations for each metaphor and rated (1–5) the **conventionality** of the expression and the **adequacy of the sentence context**. For each metaphor there are two distractors created programmatically: a *Literal Distractor (LD)* and an *Opposite Metaphorical Distractor (OMD)*. Several autoregressive LLMs (GePpeTto, Minerva family, LLaMAntino) were evaluated by computing log-likelihoods for each human interpretation and distractor; normalized log probabilities and ranks are provided. |
|
|
| Refer to the paper for full methodology and analyses. |
|
|
| --- |
|
|
| ## Organized variable list (by file) |
|
|
| ### `dataset-metafore.csv` — master / metadata for each metaphor |
|
|
| Description: one row per metaphor (n = 140). This file contains the main experimental items, their balancing information, prompts shown to participants, and aggregated human judgment statistics. |
|
|
| | Column | Type | Description | |
| |---|---:|---| |
| | `questionario` | string | Questionnaire identifier in which the item appeared (e.g., `Q1`–`Q10`) | |
| | `m_id` | string | Metaphor identifier (e.g., `M1`, `M42`) | |
| | `gruppo_bilanciamento` | string | Balancing group (`G1`–`G7`) corresponding to the syntactic pattern distribution | |
| | `item` | string | Full sentence containing the metaphor | |
| | `v_term` | string | Lexical item annotated as metaphorical | |
| | `pattern` | string | Syntactic pattern of the metaphor (e.g., `N₁ di N₂`, `V ∼ N`) | |
| | `valenza` | string | Valency of the metaphorical element (`nessuno`, `intransitiva`, `transitiva`) | |
| | `classe_lessicale` | string | Part of speech of the metaphorical element (e.g., `N₁`, `Verbo`, `Aggettivo`) | |
| | `prompt` | string | Sentence frame shown to participants for interpretation elicitation | |
| | `avg_conv` | numeric | Mean conventionality rating (1–5) | |
| | `avg_cntxt` | numeric | Mean context adequacy rating (1–5) | |
| | `entropia di shannon` | numeric | Shannon entropy of interpretation distribution (measure of variability) | |
| | `consenso_max` | numeric | Maximum consensus score (relative frequency of most common interpretation) | |
| | `n_int` | integer | Number of human interpretations collected for the item | |
|
|
| --- |
|
|
| #### Balanced syntactic groups (dataset) |
|
|
| | Pattern | Valency | Metaphorical element (PoS) | Group size (n = 140) | |
| |----------------------------:|:------------:|:------------------------------:|:--------------------:| |
| | `N₁ di N₂` | None | Noun₁ | 20 | |
| | `N ∼ Adj` | None | Noun | 20 | |
| | `N ∼ Adj` | None | Adjective | 20 | |
| | `N₁ = N₂` | None | Noun₂ | 20 | |
| | `V ∼ N` *(intransitive)* | Intransitive | Verb | 20 | |
| | `V ∼ N` *(transitive)* | Transitive | Verb | 20 | |
| | `V ∼ N` *(transitive)* | Transitive | Verb **and** Noun | 20 | |
|
|
| --- |
|
|
| ## ❝ Cite |
|
|
| ``` |
| @inproceedings{mazzoli-etal-2025-language, |
| title = "Language Models and the Magic of Metaphor: A Comparative Evaluation with Human Judgments", |
| author = "Mazzoli, Simone and |
| Suozzi, Alice and |
| Lebani, Gianluca", |
| editor = "Bosco, Cristina and |
| Jezek, Elisabetta and |
| Polignano, Marco and |
| Sanguinetti, Manuela", |
| booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh Italian Conference on Computational Linguistics (CLiC-it 2025)", |
| month = sep, |
| year = "2025", |
| address = "Cagliari, Italy", |
| publisher = "CEUR Workshop Proceedings", |
| url = "https://aclanthology.org/2025.clicit-1.68/", |
| pages = "710--721", |
| ISBN = "979-12-243-0587-3" |
| } |
| ``` |
|
|
| --- |
|
|
